Archive for the ‘Space News’ Category
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July 27th, 2024
Credit: Roscosmos
A 23-page document between Russia and China that spells out details for creating an International Scientific Lunar Station has been ratified by Russia and has now entered into force.
As posted on Russia’s official publication of legal acts, the agreement is between Russia’s State Corporation for Space Activities, Roscosmos, and the Chinese National Space Administration. The agreement was ratified by Russian federal law on June 12 and entered into force on July 18.
Image courtesy U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) in its “2022 Challenges to Security in Space” report.
“The purpose of this Agreement is to create an organizational and legal basis for mutually beneficial cooperation between the Parties in specific areas related to the creation of the International Scientific Lunar Station,” the document explains, as converted by Google Translate.
Valid for 20 years
The intergovernmental agreement is valid for 20 years, to be automatically renewed for subsequent 5-year periods “unless either Party notifies the other Party in writing through diplomatic channels of its intention to terminate this Agreement at least one year before the expiration of the initial term or the expiration of any subsequent period of validity.”
The agreement defines an International Scientific Lunar Station as a “complex of research facilities created with the possible involvement of international partners on the surface and (or) in the orbit of the Moon, intended for multi-purpose research work, including the exploration and use of the Moon, lunar observations, fundamental research experiments and technology testing, with the possibility of long-term unmanned operation with the prospect of ensuring a human presence on the Moon.”
Wu Weiren, chief designer of China’s lunar exploration program.
Image credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Scientific fields
Cooperation in accordance with the agreement centers on such scientific fields as:
1) lunar topography, geomorphology and geological structure;
2) the fundamental physical properties of the Moon and its internal structure;
3) composition and chemical properties of lunar matter (materials and geochronology);
4) cislunar space;
5) astronomical observations from the surface of the Moon;
6) observation of the Earth from the surface of the Moon;
7) biological and medical experiments on the surface of the Moon;
8) use of lunar resources (under the surface) and (or) in lunar orbit.
The cooperation between the countries is to be done within the framework of a Russian-Chinese Joint Data Center for Lunar and Deep Space Research.
Chang’e-6 scooping operation on Moon’s far side.
Image credit: CNSA/CLEP
Three phase agenda
Phase 1 of the agenda involves planned national missions by both Russian and Chinese lunar missions and “verification of technology to ensure a safe, high-precision soft landing on the lunar surface.”
Phase 2 is to be carried out in two stages.
— establishment of a control center to ensure the delivery of bulk cargo and a safe, high-precision soft landing on the lunar surface
— comprehensive work to complete the creation of a multinational logistics system, the design and creation of orbital modules (equipment) and modules (equipment) located on the surface of the Moon for power supply, communications, provision of transport services. Also, research, study and possible use of resources present on the surface (below the surface) and/or orbit of the Moon, and other potentially common technologies.
Phase 3 is study and development of the Moon, verification of technologies, and assistance to international partners in landing a human on the Moon using the completed multicast satellite system.
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Image credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Those samples rocketed from the Moon to Earth in 2020 by China’s Chang’e-5 lunar return mission keep on giving new insights about resource extraction.
Researchers from the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and scholars from several Chinese universities, discovered ULM-1 (Unknown Lunar Mineral-1), a mineral crystal found to be enriched with water molecules and ammonium in the Chang’e-5 lunar samples.
Image credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Brought to Earth in December 2020, Chang’e-5’s cache of roughly 1,731 grams (61.1 oz) of lunar samples has been found to contain water molecules. The discovery of a hydrated mineral, (NH4)MgCl3·6H2O, in returned lunar soil samples contains water molecules that weigh approximately 41 percent of the total mass.
Chang’e-5’s landing and lob-to-Earth site was Northern Oceanus Procellarum, near a huge volcanic complex, Mons Rümker, located in the northwest lunar near side.
Map of Rümker region, target of Chang’E-5 sample return mission. Credit: Y. Qian, et al.
The research findings have been published online in the academic journal Nature Astronomy.
Preserved mineral
In an interview with China Central Television (CCTV), Jin Shifeng, associate researcher, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, explained that Chang’e-5 landed at a relatively high latitude on the Moon where the temperature dropped, so this mineral was able to be preserved.
Photo taking during Chang’e-5 surface sampling.
Credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
“Like the ice we see in daily life, these substances are very volatile,” Jin said. “We found that the hydrated mineral decomposed at a relatively high temperature of about 100 degrees Celsius on Earth, which is why it can be preserved in such a harsh environment on the Moon for billions of years.”
First direct detection
According to CCTV, the researchers said “this discovery signifies the first direct detection of molecular water within the lunar regolith, shedding light on an actual form of water molecules and ammonium on the Moon’s surface.”
Chang’e-5 return capsule holding lunar specimens.
Credit: National Astronomical Observatories, CAS
The origin and chemical form of lunar water had remained elusive, CCTV adds, “despite extensive laboratory research on lunar samples collected by NASA’s Apollo mission dating from the 1960s and 1970s.”
The mineral’s structure and composition bear a striking resemblance to a mineral found near volcanoes on Earth. Terrestrial contamination or the Chang’e-5’s lander exhaust has been ruled out as the origin of this hydrate, according to the study.
The researchers said the finding opens up new possibilities for the future development and utilization of lunar water resources.
Lunar crop fertilizer
Chen Xiaolong, a researcher at the CAS Institute of Physics, also told CCTV: “We know ammonium is a nitrogen fertilizer. We use ammonium bicarbonate on Earth as a kind of nitrogen fertilizer. In addition, this mineral contains a small amount of potassium, which is a kind of potash fertilizers. This discovery means there is a good chance for humans to survive and grow crops on the moon in the future.”
Wu Weiren, chief designer of China’s lunar exploration program.
Image credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
According to the paper – “Evidence of a hydrated mineral enriched in water and ammonium molecules in the Chang’e-5 lunar sample” — the presence of ammonium indicates “a more complex lunar degassing history and highlights its potential as a resource for lunar habitation.”
Long-term lunar station
The findings also suggest that water molecules can persist in sunlit areas of the Moon as hydrated salts, providing crucial constraints on the “fugacity” of water and ammonia vapor in lunar volcanic gases,” the paper notes. A definition of fugacity is measuring the tendency of a component of a liquid mixture to escape, or vaporize, from the mixture.
Utilizing on-the-spot resources on the Moon is to play a major role in establishing a long-term lunar station. China is eyeing the establishment of the basic model of an international lunar research station by 2035.
To access the Nature Astronomy paper, go to: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02306-8
Image credit: ThinkOrbital/XTEND Design
It takes Olympic-size imagineers to extend and expand the sports envelope into outer space – so enter ThinkOrbital and XTEND Design, an architecture and design company.
“The Olympics, reimagined for the cosmos!” – that’s the view from ThinkOrbital, a “picture this” moment in space and time.
Image credit: ThinkOrbital/XTEND Design
“Athletes from around the world competing not just in cities, but in the vast expanse of space and even on the surface of the Moon! Our ThinkPlatform serves as the arena for the most awesome sporting events ever imagined,” Boulder, Colorado-based ThinkOrbital posts on X.
Image credit: ThinkOrbital/XTEND Design
Gravity-defying
“With the huge scale of the ThinkPlatform, we’re expanding the boundaries of what’s possible, creating extraordinary infrastructure for the new space economy, in-space manufacturing, military missions and gravity-defying sports! Imagine the spirit of the Olympic Games, set against the stunning backdrop of Earth and the stars.”
Image credit: ThinkOrbital/XTEND Design
As noted, the group’s “Director of Architecture,” Tom Rousek, head of XTEND Design and a partner company based in Prague and London, previously collaborated on building the infrastructure of the Olympic games in Rio de Janeiro and the Football world championship.
Let the games not only begin…but soar to new heights!
Artist’s concept of ThinkOrbital’s ThinkPlatform in low Earth orbit.
Image credit: ThinkOrbital/XTEND Design
Lights out for NASA’s VIPER ice-hound?
Image credit: NASA
That NASA decision to cancel the VIPER south pole Moon rover continues to stir up lunar exploration advocates.
NASA’s call to kill the Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER) project has irked roughly 2,500 people that have now signed an open letter to Congress, requesting lawmakers to “refuse to authorize” the NASA verdict.
There appears to be broad agreement on seeking a constructive route forward for the rover and its team.
The open letter can be viewed at:
https://forms.gle/bRzoLN5P66Ge2vzN9
Go to this Capitol Hill video at:
https://youtu.be/Z7ZVmrOuKQg?si=KLrJcFsD8EcGBq4r
Go to my earlier story — “VIPER Bite Marks: NASA Moons a Lunar Rover” — at:
https://www.leonarddavid.com/viper-bite-marks-nasa-moons-a-lunar-rover/
Image credit: Sierra Space/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Sierra Space is working on expandable space station technology. The group reports that on June 18 the firm’s full-scale structural test passed a seventh key validation milestone – its second full-scale structural test.
Image credit: Sierra Space/Inside Outer Space screengrab
The “Ultimate Burst Pressure test” was done at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, in collaboration with ILC Dover (an Ingersoll Rand Business) and NASA.
Pathfinder mission
Sierra Space notes in a press statement that test results move the company forward to build the world’s first end-to-end business and technology platform in low Earth orbit.
Planned for an initial stand-alone pathfinder mission before the end of the decade, the technology is also a key element of Blue Origin’s Orbital Reef commercial space station under NASA’s Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development Program.
Image credit: Sierra Space/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Go to this eye-popping video of the test at:
Professor Kip Thorne.
Image credit: Irina Logra
Do you believe time travel is possible and if so, how?
What is something you don’t know but you would like to understand?
What’s the future of gravitational wave astronomy?
The answers flow from noted astrophysics guru/Noble Prize winner, Kip Thorne – yes, he was the science advisor for “Interstellar” the memorable science fiction epic.
Thorne recently provided an audience at CalTech an odyssey through the warped side of our Universe
Weird facets
“In the sixty-odd years of my career in astrophysics, we have come to understand that our universe has a very rich warped side,” Thorne explains. “By this I mean objects and phenomena made from warped spacetime instead of from matter.”
Thorne details weird facets of black holes that you may not have not heard of before. And also likely new to you: voracious, “vacuum fluctuations” — tiny bits of everything that ever could inhabit our universe, flashing in and out of existence, randomly.
“These fluctuations suck energy from rapidly distorting spacetime and use it to convert themselves into real, material stuff,” Thorne advises.
Sit back, relax, and float up stream with Thorne in his July 12 presentation and conversation with other noted astrophysicists at:
Space for Humanity hosted the D.C. premiere of “FORTITUDE: Forging The Trillion Dollar Space Economy” at the Library of Congress – a special screening of Torsten Hoffman’s documentary.
The evening featured the film’s director, astronauts, industry leaders, and government voices.
Go to: https://youtu.be/xV65tyP2Ja8?si=x92ukc0SZ0qNPonN
Also, go to the official website at: https://www.fortitudemovie.com/
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover used its left Mast Camera, or Mastcam, to capture this 180-degree view of Gediz Vallis channel, taken on March 31, released on July 18. This area was likely formed by large floods of water and debris that piled jumbles of rocks into mounds within the channel and created a long ridge downhill (Gediz Vallis ridge). The region, rich in salty minerals called sulfates, is in the foothills of Mount Sharp, a 3-mile-tall (5-kilometer-tall) mountain within Mars’ Gale Crater.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover at Gale Crater is now performing a slate of science duties.
Lauren Edgar, a planetary geologist at USGS Astrogeology Science Center in Flagstaff, Arizona, reports that the robot wrapped up activities at Fairview Dome.
Curiosity has started heading south towards its next potential drill location in the Upper Gediz Vallis ridge campaign.
Typical bedrock in the rover’s workspace, as seen by this Curiosity image taken by the Front Hazard Avoidance Camera on Sol 4251, July 22, 2024.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Bedrock chemistry
Last weekend, Curiosity made a drive of about 95 feet (29 meters)which set it up for contact science and remote sensing tasks, Edgar notes.
Curiosity Chemistry & Camera Remote Micro-Imager took this photo on Sol 4253, July 24, 2024.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL
A recent two-sol plan (Sols 4253-4254) includes Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) observations on a gray rock named “Discovery Pinnacle” to assess variations in bedrock chemistry and compare it to what Mars researchers have seen recently.
Also planned was a Chemistry and Camera Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) look at “Miguel Meadow” to evaluate the typical bedrock in the rover workspace.
Curiosity Left B Navigation Camera image acquired on Sol 4252 July 22, 2024.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Variations in lithology
“The plan also includes a Mastcam mosaic covering the large patch of light-toned rocks in front of the rover to look for variations in lithology,” Edgar explains. The lithology of a rock unit is a description of its physical characteristics visible at outcrop, in hand or core samples, or with low magnification microscopy.
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera photo taken on Sol 4252, July 22, 2024.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Two ChemCam long-distance Remote Micro-Imager (RMIs) were also planned to evaluate the stratigraphy exposed by a channel cut into the Gediz Vallis ridge deposit, and to look more closely at a well-laminated dark-toned boulder on the channel floor.
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera photo taken on Sol 4252, July 22, 2024.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Post-drive imaging
“Then Curiosity will drive about 52 feet (16 meters) farther south,” Edgar reports, “and will take post-drive imaging to help us evaluate another patch of light-toned bedrock in the next plan.”
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera photo taken on Sol 4252, July 22, 2024.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
In addition to targeted remote sensing, the recent plan includes observations of atmospheric opacity, searching for dust devils, an autonomously selected ChemCam AEGIS target, and standard Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) and Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) activities.
Curiosity Mast Camera Left image taken on Sol 4251, July 22, 2024.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
AEGIS stands for (Autonomous Exploration for Gathering Increased Science) – a software suite that permits the rover to autonomously detect and prioritize targets.
“We’re all curious to see what Wednesday’s workspace will hold,” Edgar concludes, “as we start thinking about the next place to drill!”
Curiosity Mast Camera Left image taken on Sol 4251, July 22, 2024.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Image credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
China’s big Moon booster for supporting the country’s human exploration of the Moon is progressing.
A new report spotlights a three-stage hydrogen-oxygen engine designed to power a new generation rocket capable of sending astronauts to the Moon.
Testing at China’s first vertical high-altitude simulation stand for rocket engines has verified the reliability of the engine according to China Central Television (CCTV).
Image credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Longest test time
The stand has been developed and constructed by the Institute 101 of the Sixth Academy of the state-owned China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC).
According to CCTV, this test rig can simulate high-altitude conditions for engines in a vacuum environment below one kilopascal and sustain high-altitude simulation tests for thousands of seconds.
That’s the longest test time for the engine using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as propellants in the world, CCTV adds. “The successful test will provide strong support for the smooth implementation of China’s manned lunar exploration program.”
Image credit: CCTV/CGTN/Inside Outer Space screengrab
The celebrated “International Moon Day” on July 20 that marks the 20th century landing of Apollo 11 has also spotlighted China’s proposed lunar base ideas for the 21st century.
Wu Weiren, chief designer of the country’s lunar exploration program, told China Global Television Network (CGTN), that the country welcomes international cooperation.
“We are open and welcome international cooperation from all countries, including those countries from the Global South, emerging BRICS countries, as well as Western countries,” Wu told CGTN, with BRICS nations now involving Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
Image courtesy U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) in its “2022 Challenges to Security in Space” report.
Share data, results
“We do not have any isolating or exclusionary policies, and we want to cooperate in an all-round way. I think our principle is to share data, share results,” Wu added. “We are willing to co-build and co-share with our partners. We have no intention to establish small circles or groups. Therefore, China’s aerospace and lunar exploration programs, including planetary exploration, are all open to the whole world.”
International research station
Meanwhile, Wu offered an update on the development of the international lunar research station (ILRS).
“The international lunar research station is actually the first large-scale scientific project to be implemented in our country. We are preparing to build a lunar scientific research station at the south pole of the Moon,” said Wu.
Artist’s view of International Lunar Research Station to be completed by 2035. Credit: CNSA
The ILRS will be combined with an orbital station and a lunar surface station, plus ground facilities such as the headquarters for major scientific projects.
With or without people
“This is being done so that work can continue for a long time, with or without people at the south pole of the Moon. It will enable scientific exploration and resource development,” said Wu.
Wu said the intent is to emplace on the Moon a basic station by 2035, and an extended station by 2045.
“So far, we have signed agreements with more than 10 countries and nearly 30 international research institutions. We hope to work with 50 countries by inviting 500 foreign scientific research institutions, and 5,000 foreign scientific research personnel to jointly build our international lunar scientific research station,” Wu stated.
Go to this video at:
https://www.facebook.com/NewsContent.CCTVPLUS/videos/1007724844433089/
