Archive for the ‘Space News’ Category
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January 3rd, 2021
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover is now performing Sol 2990 duties.
Curiosity has reached the spectacularly scenic “Sands of Forvie” – a sand sheet is roughly 1,312 feet (400 meters) across and 3,280 feet (1 kilometer) wide.
The robot has returned a number of New Year photos of its sandy surroundings.
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera image taken on Sol 2989, January 2, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Mars Hand Lens Imager photo produced on Sol 2989, January 2, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Curiosity Front Hazard Avoidance Camera Right B image acquired on Sol 2989, January 2, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Curiosity Front Hazard Avoidance Camera Right B image acquired on Sol 2989, January 2, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera image taken on Sol 2989, January 2, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Posted in 
On Thursday, December 31, 2020, the President signed into law:
S 1694, the “One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage in Space Act,” which requires NASA to add recommendations and inform other relevant Federal agencies of information relating to the principle of due regard and the limitation of harmful interference with historic Apollo lunar landing site artifacts.
This bill requires a federal agency that issues a license for the conduct of a lunar activity to require that each license applicant agree to abide by recommendations, guidelines, or principles issued by NASA Related to the protection and preservation of U.S. government lunar artifacts.
Apollo 11 moonwalkers, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.
Credit: NASA
A federal agency may exempt specific activities from such an agreement if the activities have legitimate and significant historical, archaeological, anthropological, scientific, or engineering value; assess a penalty fee for violations of such an agreement.
NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has used its LROC system to provide looks at the Apollo 11 landing site. The remnants of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin’s historic first steps on the surface are seen as dark paths around the Lunar Module (LM), Lunar Ranging RetroReflector (LRRR) and Passive Seismic Experiment Package (PSEP), as well as leading to and from Little West crater.
Credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University
Sense of Congress
The Act establishes the sense of Congress that the Apollo 11 landing site, other historical sites, and artifacts should be preserved. The bill accomplishes this goal by requiring companies seeking U.S. licenses to operate in space to agree to avoid disturbing U.S. Government artifacts and landing sites, including the Apollo 11 landing site, by adhering to NASA guidance on the protection of lunar artifacts. It defines “lunar activity” in the context of this licensing requirement and allows for the assessment of penalties for noncompliance.
On December 16, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bipartisan bill introduced by U.S. Senator Gary Peters (D-MI) to permanently protect the Apollo landing sites on the moon. The One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage in Space Act, which Peters introduced with U.S. Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX), would enact first-of-its-kind legal protections for the Apollo sites by making NASA’s preservation recommendations a requirement for future activities on the Moon.
Credit: For All Moonkind
Safeguard history
“As a child, I watched the achievements of the Apollo missions with excitement about what is possible when we come together with a common goal,” said Senator Peters, a member of the Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee. “I was proud to author this bipartisan legislation to preserve for all of humanity the incredible achievements of the Apollo astronauts on the Moon—and also to honor the 400,000 people around the world who made it possible—including the now famous African American “Hidden Figures” who were crucial in calculating trajectories that got astronauts to and from the Moon.
Credit: For All Moonkind
Senator Cruz stated: “As we look forward to new expeditions to the moon and placing American boots where they have never gone before on Mars, it is crucial to safeguard the history of American exceptionalism and ingenuity in space, from Apollo 11 to the upcoming Artemis program missions.”
Chairman of the Aviation and Space subcommittee, Cruz added, “I am honored to help preserve these historic human heritage sites, while continuing to maintain a dominant presence in low-Earth orbit and beyond.”
Credit: NASA
Artemis Accords
NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine added his voice to the passing of the bill last month.
“As we go forward to the Moon with the Artemis Program, NASA has been clear that we must do so sustainably,” the NASA leader said. “As part of the Artemis Accords agreements signed with partner nations, NASA has emphasized that protecting historically significant sites is critical, and I applaud the leaders of this legislation for their commitment to ensuring that future lunar science and exploration is done in a safe and transparent manner.”
“I am pleased that the House passed the ‘One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage In Space Act’ today,” added Chairwoman Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX30).
Credit: NASA
“Apollo remains a beacon of inspiration and a symbol of what we, as a nation, can accomplish. I have long advocated for the preservation of the Apollo artifacts,” Johnson explained, “which hold deep cultural, historical, and scientific value for not only the United States, but for all of humanity. It is important that NASA and the United States lead the way in guiding responsible behavior in space, and this legislation to preserve our human heritage in space is, itself, one small step in practicing that leadership.”
Moon – a busier place
Should the location of the first humans to set foot on the Moon be preserved, or risk being lost?
According to GovTrack.us, since Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon in July 1969, it’s becoming a busier place.
Credit: Blue Origin/Blue Moon
Multiple nations are investigating the Moon. So too are private companies — most notably Elon Musk’s SpaceX and Jeff Bezos’s Blue Origin — are also taking more active roles in outer space, currently aiming to land spacecraft on the Moon by 2021.
“Everything from the original Apollo 11 landing site that first put humans on the Moon in 1969 is still preserved, because the Moon has no weather. That includes footprints, the American flag planted down, and even three ‘buggies’ that the astronauts left behind to drive across the lunar surface,” GovTrack.us observes.
“Tourist” photograph of Apollo 17’s Jack Schmitt prior to beginning exploration during EVA-3.
Credit: NASA/Gene Cernan
What the legislation does
The bipartisan One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage in Space Act would require all U.S. government licenses related to space include requirements preserving the Apollo landing sites.
The Senate version was introduced as bill number S. 1694, by Sen. Gary Peters. The House version was introduced as bill number H.R. 3766, by Rep. Eddie Bernie Johnson.
Credit: NASA
Powerful strides
“This is truly the best way to step into 2021,” said Michelle L.D. Hanlon, co-founder of For All Moonkind, a non-profit organization that seeks to protect each of the six human lunar landing and similar sites in outer space as part of our common human heritage.
“The One Small Step Act is the first law in the world to recognize the need to protect human heritage in outer space,” Hanlon told Inside Outer Space. “Combined with the parallel commitment in Section 9 of the Artemis Accords, which calls on signatories to develop practices to preserve such heritage, we are taking powerful strides into a successful and sustainable future for humans in space.”
For more details on this Act, go to:
https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1694
and
https://www.congress.gov/116/crpt/srpt194/CRPT-116srpt194.pdf
China’s Chang’e-5 lunar mission lobbed back to Earth samples of the Moon.
Credit: CNSA/CLEP
China’s highly successful Chang’e-5 lunar mission retrieved about 4 pounds (1,731 grams) of samples. Its lander-ascender combination successfully touched down on the near side of the Moon on December 1, collecting samples from both the lunar surface and beneath.
Credit: CASC
The ascender later rocketed the specimens off the Moon for transfer to an orbiter/returner for transport back to Earth.
A return capsule containing the lunar collectibles landed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the early hours of December 17.
According to China’s Xinhua news agency, specialists have set up special storage facilities, constructed laboratories for sample processing and analysis, and developed detailed operating procedures to ensure that lunar samples are not contaminated as far as possible.
Credit: National Astronomical Observatories, CAS
Credit: National Astronomical Observatories, CAS
Non-destructive analysis
The Chang’e-5 return specimens will be first analyzed non-destructively, said Xiao Long, a researcher at the China University of Geosciences.
Scanning electron microscope. Credit: National Astronomical Observatories, CAS
Xiao told the Science and Technology Daily that this analysis could indicate the condition of the samples.
Zhao Yuyan with Jilin University has stated that a method for non-destructive analysis is to obtain the samples’ element composition and content information. Researchers do this by analyzing the wavelength and intensity of the characteristic fluorescence X-rays generated by different sample elements, Zhao said.
Credit: Image Society of Science and Technology, CAS
The Xinhua news story notes that researchers are also implementing microanalysis of the samples to use them as sparingly as possible. The allowable amount of the samples under test is usually only about one percent of the constant, with a weight of about 1 to 15 milligrams.
Given the preciousness of lunar samples, it is necessary to further improve the sensitivity and resolution of the instruments, and develop new technologies and methods, Zhao added.
High purity nitrogen supply system. Credit: National Astronomical Observatories, CAS
By analyzing the samples, scientists can correct the previous mathematical models for estimating the surface age of celestial bodies. They can also provide significant understanding of the geological evolution of the Moon.
X-ray fluorescence analyzer. Credit:
Extended mission
Meanwhile, the China National Space Agency (CNSA) has reported that the orbiter of the Chang’e-5 mission, which completed its major task of returning the lunar samples to the Earth, has been sent on an extended mission.
The spacecraft is heading toward a gravitationally stable point in space about 1.5 million kilometers away from the Earth: the Sun-Earth Lagrange point known as L1.
When Chang’e-5’s orbiter reaches that position, it will carry out observations of the environment, the sun, and perform operational tests.
Permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) on the Moon are those sunlight-shy craters that may well contain loads of precious water ice. Credit: Hongyu Cui
A new report has focused on safeguarding the surface and subsurface regions of the Earth’s Moon from organic and biological contamination.
In future years, there is concern regarding the impact of human activities on the Moon that would affect lunar polar volatiles, such as water, carbon dioxide, and methane.
There is potential threat of contaminating permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) – those sunlight-shy craters that may well contain loads of precious water ice – a resource to extract and process into oxygen, water, as well as rocket fuel.
Credit: NASA
However, the new study points to the scientific need to understand prebiotic evolution and the origin of life, and the likelihood that spacecraft landing on the lunar surface will transfer volatiles to polar cold traps.
The report — Planetary Protection for the Study of Lunar Volatiles — has been issued by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, completed by the Committee on Planetary Protection.
Lunar south pole – future Moon base location.
Credit: NASA
Findings
The committee’s specific findings are as follows:
Finding 1: The scientific potential of the Moon’s poles and PSRs is significant, including for studies of prebiotic chemical evolution that have long been within the scope of national and international planetary protection policy.
Finding 2: Understanding of the lunar poles and PSRs has advanced but remains incomplete concerning many scientific questions, including how cold traps on the lunar surface function with respect to volatile and organic chemicals, the nature and composition of water and other volatile deposits in PSRs, and how the water and other ice deposits inform the scientific understanding of prebiotic chemical evolution in the solar system.
Finding 3: Tapping the scientific potential of the lunar poles and PSRs requires accelerating lunar science across orbital and in situ missions and building “ground truth” about these regions to inform planning for planetary protection approaches for future scientific, exploration, and commercial activities on the Moon.
Credit: James Vaughan (Used with permission) http://www.jamesvaughanphoto.com/directory-aerospace-defense-illustrations
Finding 4: Inventories of biological materials for spacecraft and other lunar equipment are unimportant for planetary protection purposes because (1) the Moon’s surface does not support indigenous forms of life or the proliferation of terrestrial organisms brought to the Moon; (2) biological contamination of the lunar surface will not contaminate the lunar subsurface through the operation of natural processes on the Moon; and (3) any biological material identified in samples from the lunar surface or subsurface can be tested against terrestrial organisms to determine its source.
Finding 5: There is a lack of, and need for, studies to characterize the chemical composition, transport, and the level of contamination of volatiles that would be harmful to future investigations of prebiotic chemical evolution to be pursued at PSRs. This information is necessary to determine whether to establish planetary protection requirements for missions to these areas of the Moon, such as a requirement for reporting the inventory of propellants, combustion products, and potential off-gassing volatiles from spacecraft.
Image details water ice mining at Shackleton crater on the Moon.
Credit: School of Mines/Dreyer, Williams, Sowers
In arriving at the set of findings, the committee concludes that a critical issue is the absence of formally defined and accepted, prioritized, science objectives. The committee’s final, overarching finding is:
Finding 6: A clear articulation of prioritized science objectives to frame a strategy for exploration of the lunar PSRs does not exist and is required for an effective planetary protection policy for the Moon.
To read the document — Planetary Protection for the Study of Lunar Volatiles (2020) – go to:
Overview of the NASA/European Space Agency Mars Sample Return mission as now foreseen.
Credit: ESA/K. Oldenburg
Today, the National Space Council released the National Strategy for Planetary Protection.
“This Strategy will advance the Nation’s role in the sustainable exploration of space by appropriately protecting other planetary bodies and the Earth from potentially harmful biological contamination from space exploration activities,” according to a National Space Council statement.
Credit: Elon Musk/SpaceX
Objectives
The strategy sets forth three overarching objectives corresponding to forward contamination, backward contamination, and private sector coordination:
Objective 1: Avoid harmful forward contamination by developing and implementing risk assessment and science-based guidelines and updating the interagency payload review process.
Objective 2: Avoid backward contamination by developing a Restricted Return Program to protect against adverse effects on the Earth environment due to the potential return of extraterrestrial life.
Objective 3: Incorporate the perspective and needs of the private sector by soliciting feedback and developing guidelines regarding private sector activities with potential planetary protection implications.
Wanted: industry feedback
The strategy is seeking feedback on planetary protection issues of interest to industry. During this process, industry will be encouraged to provide feedback on relevant United States policy, standards, guidance, and government research and development opportunities that would benefit from private sector involvement. As a deliverable, the strategy requests a report on industry feedback and R&D partnership opportunities within three months.
The strategy can be found here at:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/National-Strategy-for-Planetary-Protection.pdf
A fact sheet can be found here:
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera photo taken on Sol 2985, December 29, 2020.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera image acquired on Sol 2986, December 29, 2020.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Curiosity Mast Camera Right photo taken on Sol 2985, December 29, 2020.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera photo taken on Sol 2985, December 29, 2020.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover has just entered Sol 2987.
New imagery from the robot follows:
GOFAST
Credit: DOD/U.S. Navy/Inside Outer Space screengrab
The Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 was included in the just-signed Omnibus bill for Covid-relief. In the Act there is support for the unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force at the Office of Naval Intelligence, requesting the Task Force to submit a report within 180 days of the date of enactment of the Act about unidentified aerial phenomena (also known as “anomalous aerial vehicles”).
GIMBAL/“Tic Tac”
Credit: DOD/U.S. Navy/Inside Outer Space screengrab
FLIR
Credit: DOD/U.S. Navy/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Here is the language regarding “Advanced Aerial Threats” as detailed by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence:
The Committee supports the efforts of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon Task Force at the Office of Naval Intelligence to standardize collection and reporting on unidentified aerial phenomenon, any links they have to adversarial foreign governments, and the threat they pose to U.S. military assets and installations. However, the Committee remains concerned that there is no unified, comprehensive process within the Federal Government for collecting and analyzing intelligence on unidentified aerial phenomena, despite the potential threat. The Committee understands that the relevant intelligence may be sensitive; nevertheless, the Committee finds that the information sharing and coordination across the Intelligence Community has been inconsistent, and this issue has lacked attention from senior leaders.
Therefore, the Committee directs the DNI, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the heads of such other agencies as the Director and Secretary jointly consider relevant, to submit a report within 180 days of the date of enactment of the Act, to the congressional intelligence and armed services committees on unidentified aerial phenomena (also known as “anomalous aerial vehicles”), including observed airborne objects that have not been identified.
The Committee further directs the report to include:
- A detailed analysis of unidentified aerial phenomena data and intelligence reporting collected or held by the Office of Naval Intelligence, including data and intelligence reporting held by the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force;
- A detailed analysis of unidentified phenomena data
collected by:
a. geospatial intelligence;
b. signals intelligence;
c. human intelligence; and
d. measurement and signals intelligence; - A detailed analysis of data of the FBI, which was
derived from investigations of intrusions of
unidentified aerial phenomena data over restricted
United States airspace; - A detailed description of an interagency process
for ensuring timely data collection and centralized
analysis of all unidentified aerial phenomena reporting
for the Federal Government, regardless of which service
or agency acquired the information; - Identification of an official accountable for the
process described in paragraph 4; - Identification of potential aerospace or other
threats posed by the unidentified aerial phenomena to
national security, and an assessment of whether this
unidentified aerial phenomena activity may be
attributed to one or more foreign adversaries; - Identification of any incidents or patterns that
indicate a potential adversary may have achieved
breakthrough aerospace capabilities that could put
United States strategic or conventional forces at risk;
and - Recommendations regarding increased collection of
data, enhanced research and development, and additional
funding and other resources. The report shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.
Credit: NASA
The next chapter in the U.S. human exploration of the Moon, the Artemis Project, will dispatch crews there for extended periods of time, building upon the heritage of project Apollo. Between 1969 and the end of 1972, a dozen astronauts kicked up the powdery regolith, the topside dirt of the Moon. But there’s one flash back message from the Apollo moonwalkers worth heeding: the place is a Disneyland of dust.
Dust-up on the Moon. Apollo 17 commander Eugene Cernan prepares to doff dust-covered moonwalking space suit.
Credit: NASA
During their landings, dust blown up into the thin lunar atmosphere impacted astronaut visibility. Once crews were out and about on the moon, the dust had deleterious effects on their space suits, helmets, equipment and instrumentation. Apollo expedition members could not escape tracking lunar material inside their lunar landers. After doffing their helmets and gloves, moonwalkers could feel the abrasive nature of the dust, even experience an “Apollo aroma” – a distinctive, odiferous smell.
For more dusty details, go to my new SpaceNews story:
“Dealing with dust: A back-to-the-moon dilemma”
https://spacenews.com/dealing-with-dust-a-back-to-the-moon-dilemma/
Credit: Breakthrough Listen
About those mysterious radio signals that appear to have come from Proxima Centauri – the closest star system to us, just a scant 4.2 light-years away. It’s known to be accompanied by at least two planets.
Artist’s impression of Proxima Centauri b shown hypothetically as an arid rocky super-earth.
Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser
The Breakthrough Listen Project has been examining the emission since its detection. They even dubbed it BLC1 for “Breakthrough Listen Candidate 1.”
Breakthrough Listen is a $100 million program of astronomical observations and analysis, the most comprehensive ever undertaken in search of evidence of technological civilizations in the Universe.
S. Pete Worden, Executive Director of the Breakthrough Initiatives.
Credit: S. Pete Worden
Tracking down the source
Pete Worden, Executive Director of the Breakthrough Initiatives, has stated that team members have detected several unusual signals and they are carefully investigating. “These signals are likely interference that we cannot fully explain. Further analysis is currently being undertaken,” he explains.
Worden adds in a related tweet: “No one is claiming it’s a techno signature. We are in the process of following the agreed protocols. At this point we have some interesting signals we believe are interference but as of yet have not been able to track down the source.”
As a senior member of the IAA SETI working group, Worden told Inside Outer Space, “we are following the only protocols that exist internationally.” The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) formally established a committee for SETI science as far back as the early 1970s.
“Since this is far from a confirmed detection there really isn’t much to do other than submit the scientific paper with the data,” Worden said. “We will do that in early January.”
The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is an international, collaborative affair. SETI scientist Dan Werthimer of the University of California, Berkeley. He is shown here at China’s Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST) with other FAST SETI collaborators. Credit: Dan Werthimer
Signal to media noise
Given the signal to media noise, I touched base with Dan Werthimer in the Astronomy Department and Space Sciences Lab at the University of California, Berkeley.
Werthimer is an expert in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), and a co-founder and chief scientist of the SETI@home project. Also, he’s director of the Search for Extraterrestrial Radio Emissions from Nearby Developed Intelligent Populations (SERENDIP), as well as principal investigator for the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER) project.
Bottom line: Werthimer knows his SETI stuff and he offered some messages about the Proxima Centauri signal circumstances.
Parkes radio telescope is an icon of Australian science, and one part of the Australia Telescope National Facility.
Credit: Parkes Radio Telescope/Australia Telescope National Facility
Lunch hour
“I don’t know details about this candidate signal, but in general,” Werthimer told Inside Outer Space, “we’ve seen these types of signal before, and it has always turned out to be RFI, radio frequency interference.”
This particular candidate, Werthimer added, is almost certainly RFI transmissions from human technology, not ET made. “The Parkes observatory, where this candidate was found, has a lot of radio interference,” Werthimer notes.
Astronomers observing at Parkes in Australia announced a big discovery a few years ago they thought was a new astrophysical or atmospheric phenomena, Werthimer recalled. “The discovery was exciting for almost a year,” he explained, “until somebody noticed the signals only appeared at the lunch hour.”
Get the drift?
It turned out the signals came from a microwave oven that stayed on for a bit after the door was opened. “If you open the oven door early, before the timer runs out, microwaves come out for a bit while the power turns off and creates a chirping signal, which many thought was coming from the sky,” Werthimer said.
Werthimer also added that he thinks the signal was seen at 982.002 megahertz. MHz is used to measure the transmission speed of electronic devices. In this case, it is very likely coming from a 982.000 MHz human-made oscillator that has drifted a bit. Inexpensive oscillators drift by several parts per million, he said.
Artist’s conception of the surface of Proxima Centauri b. The Alpha Centauri binary system can be seen in the background, to the upper right of Proxima.
Credit:ESO/M. Kornmesser
“ET won’t know about seconds and MHz – these are arbitrary human invented units,” Werthimer concludes.
Resources
Meanwhile, check out “Alien Hunters Discover Mysterious Signal from Proxima Centauri” in Scientific American by Jonathan O’Callaghan and Lee Billings at:
Also, take a read of “A Very Interesting Radio Signal was Just Detected Coming from Proxima Centauri” by Matthew Cimone in Universe Today at:
Lastly, take a view of the situation by senior astronomer Franck Marchis at the SETI Institute discussing the “Breakthrough Listen Candidate 1” signal which was revealed in the UK’s Guardian on December 18, 2020.
Go to video at:
China’s space station to be operating in the 2020’s. Credit: CCTV
China is set to launch the core module of the country’s first space station in the first half of next year.
Zhou Jianping, chief designer of China’s manned space project.
Credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
“We’ve basically completed the development of the core module of the space station as well as the Long March-5B Y2 rocket which will carry the module in the launch. The tests are in the final stage. We’ll start the verification of key technologies and the construction work of China’s space station next spring,” Zhou Jianping, chief designer of China’s manned space project told China Central Television (CCTV).
After the core module is orbited, China will launch the Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft and the piloted Shenzhou-12 spacecraft. The astronaut crew will stay in space for several months before the launch of Tianzhou-3 and the piloted Shenzhou-13.
Credit: CMS/CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Verification testing
“During this period, we will carry out comprehensive verification of the new technologies of the space station, including astronauts’ spacewalk, robotic arms and energy technologies,” Zhou said in a China Daily report.
Following the completion of all verification work and the start of using key technologies, two more cargo spacecrafts and two additional piloted missions are to be launched.
Testing of Tianhe core module.
Credit: China Manned Space Agency (CMS)
The astronauts for the four flights of constructing the space station have been chosen and are undergoing training.
The space station is expected to be finished around 2022.
According to the schedule, CCTV adds, “China will conduct 11 spaceflight missions in the next two years to complete the building of Tiangong, a space station that is independently constructed and operated by China, together with multiple retrieval missions and verification of key on-orbit technologies.”
