Archive for the ‘Space News’ Category
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September 5th, 2021
Credit: ESA/SOM
It is described as the most desirable real estate in the Solar System: the rim of Shackleton crater at the lunar south pole.
Toss in for good measure a semi-inflatable habitat design which could be part of a long-term vision for an international Moon settlement.
Credit: ESA/SOM
Avoiding the crippling temperature extremes of the Moon’s two-week days and nights, Shackleton crater’s rim offers near-continuous sunlight for solar power, an ongoing view of Earth and potential access to suspected lunar water ice deposits in adjacent permanently-shadowed craters.
European Space Agency experts have teamed with leading architects at Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) on a Moon Village project. The results of the work are being exhibited at the 17th International Architecture Exhibition of La Biennale di Venezia in Venice, Italy.
Shell structure
Moon Village is a hypothetical concept for lunar settlement through an alliance of private and public, space and non-space partners.
Model of settlement at Shackleton crater rim.
Credit: Laurian Ghinitoiu
SOM architects designed a four story, semi-inflatable shell structure to offer the highest possible volume to mass ratio. Once inflated on the lunar surface, it would reach approximately double its original internal volume.
After landing, the habitat would be inflated either locally by astronauts or via rovers teleoperated from the Gateway station around the Moon. It would keep its four person crew alive and comfortable for up to 300 days at the time.
Credit: ESA/SOM
Modular configurations
The Moon Village relies on modular configurations of habitable structures, integrated with numerous systems including docking capability, environmental control, and life support systems (ECLSS), health equipment, radiation shielding, and other critical features.
A single unit offers a net habitable volume of up to 390 cubic meters (13,773 cubic feet) and a net usable area of up to 104 cubic meters (1,120 cubic feet) distributed between multiple levels.
The primary structure is projected to the perimeter, maximizing the functions of centralized spaces and increasing free volume. Modules are designed to be interconnected, enabling seamless mobility throughout the settlement.
This image, taken by the advanced Moon Imaging Experiment (AMIE) on board ESA’s SMART-1 spacecraft, shows crater Shackleton on the Moon.
Credit: ESA
Master plan
The master plan envisions a Moon Village sited on the rim of Shackleton Crater in the south polar region, on the “peaks of eternal light” which receive near-continuous daylight throughout the lunar year.
This strategic location supports the goal of a self-sufficient settlement. Sunlight can be harnessed for energy, while on-the-spot resources can be used to generate consumables and other life-sustaining elements.
Suspected frozen volatiles and water stored in the permanently shadowed craters near the South Pole would be extracted to create breathable air and rocket propellant for transportation and industrial activities. The settlement would be clustered and expanded along strategic sites, rich in resources and scientific interest.
Shackleton crater lies at the lunar South Pole, at 89.54° South latitude and 0° East longitude, and has a diameter of 12 miles (19 kilometers).
Go to these SOM videos at:
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Curiosity Mast Camera Left photo taken on Sol 3225, September 1, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover at Gale Crater is now performing Sol 3228 duties.
Susanne Schwenzer, a planetary geologist at The Open University, Milton Keynes, in the U.K., reports that the robot is surveying a spectacular landscape. “The higher we climb the more spectacular and rugged the scenery appears.”
Four-sol plan
A recent two-sol plan for sols 3226-3227 was not uplinked, so the rover had a two-sol break.
Curiosity Mast Camera Left photo taken on Sol 3225, September 1, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
“The next plan is a four-sol plan because of Monday being the Labor Day holiday in the US. As a consequence, the plan now has drill preparations,” Schwenzer adds, such as doing a Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) raster, the Dust Removal Tool and Mastcam multispectral observation of the drill site on sol 3228, and getting Chemistry & Mineralogy X-Ray Diffraction/X-Ray Fluorescence Instrument (CheMin) ready, too.
Curiosity Mast Camera Left photo taken on Sol 3225, September 1, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Drill plan
“Curiosity will drill at “Maria Gordon” on sol 3229, followed by portion characterization, and Mastcam multispectral investigation and ChemCam passive spectral investigation of the drill tailings,” Schwenzer points out. “So, when we come back from our holiday here on Earth, we shall see images of drill hole #33 on Mars. Second time lucky!”
Curiosity Mast Camera Left photo taken on Sol 3225, September 1, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
With a four-sol plan to come, there is a lot more to do for Curiosity.
Curiosity Mast Camera Left photo taken on Sol 3225, September 1, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Frost investigation
“We are back in the season where frost events are likely. Therefore, a frost detection investigation on the target ‘Mangersta Sands’ is in the plan, whereby the target will be investigated twice, once very early in the morning and once during daytime for a comparison of the hydrogen, a proxy for water content at different times,” Schwenzer reports.
Curiosity’s Mastcam is taking two large mosaics to document the spectacular landscape – “because spectacular to look at is not just an aesthetic judgment, there is a lot of geology to see, too, with different layers, textures and structures,” Schwenzer says.
Last but not least, the rover will also make the standard atmospheric observations, Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) and Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) investigations.
Among the sites now surrounding Curiosity is a steep, shadowed cliff visible in the upper left corner of this image taken by Left Navigation Camera on Sol 3222.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover at Gale Crater is now performing Sol 3225 tasks.
Michelle Minitti, a planetary geologist at Framework in Silver Spring, Maryland, reports the robot’s short drive over last weekend took it within half a meter of a desired parking elevation – a prelude for the next attempt at drilling in Gale Crater.
Steep shadowed cliff
Among the sites surrounding Curiosity is a steep, shadowed cliff.
Curiosity Front Hazard Avoidance Camera Left B photo taken on Sol 3224, August 31, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
“That cliff marks the western wall of our narrow passageway up Mount Sharp,” Minitti notes, “which the team has named “Maria Gordon Notch.””
Maria Ogilvie Gordon, Scottish scientist
Credit: Wachtler – http://historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com/2011/06/women-geoscientist-in-dolomites-maria.html, Public Domain
Maria Ogilvie Gordon was a Scottish scientist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with expertise in geology, paleontology, and zoology, Minitti adds.
“She combined her knowledge of modern and fossil corals and extensive fieldwork campaigns to describe the geologic history and stratigraphy of the Dolomite Mountains of Italy. Her work earned her the first Doctor of Science awarded to a woman in the United Kingdom. While Curiosity might not find corals on her way up Mount Sharp, she will certainly strive to follow Maria Gordon’s example of careful, thorough and important geologic work!”
As the rover sits within view of Maria Gordon Notch, the science team thought it only natural to name its next drill site after her, too.
Brushing off target. Curiosity Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) photo produced on Sol 3224, August 31, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Load testing
Thus, a recently scripted plan focused on brushing the candidate drill target, “Maria Gordon,” followed by Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) imaging, Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) analyses, and load testing of the target.
Also run was a Chemistry & Mineralogy X-Ray Diffraction/X-Ray Fluorescence Instrument (CheMin) empty cell analysis to make sure that vessel is ready to receive sample, Minitti explains. “Those activities and the next anticipated activity – drilling itself – require a lot of power, so there was not much time for additional science observations.”
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera photo acquired on Sol 3224, August 31, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS), Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN), and Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) are slated to run at their regular cadence across the two sols of the plan, Minitti adds, “but the only additional environmentally-focused observation we added was a Navcam dust devil survey.”
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera image taken on Sol 3223, August 30, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Mastcam mosaic
The geology working group managed to squeeze in a survey of their own, a 360 degree Mastcam mosaic acquired early in the morning.
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera image taken on Sol 3223, August 30, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
“The early morning time was desired to get lighting on the east-facing cliffs – including Maria Gordon Notch – rising from the terrain around us,” Minitti concludes. “The mosaic will surely provide a great overview of this site, and will help guide our subsequent observations among our own mountains of exploration.”
Credit: MIT AeroAstro
I was saddened to learn of the passing of a great friend and leader in bioastronautics – Laurence Young.
Larry was the Apollo Program Professor Emeritus of Astronautics and professor of health sciences and technology at MIT. He died peacefully at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on Aug. 4 after battling cancer. He was 85.
Over the decades, Larry and I had countless conversations focused on the human factors of spaceflight – particularly his thoughts on artificial gravity. Indeed, in one of my treks to MIT, a visit with Larry led me to call him a true “spin doctor,” and a “G-whizz” professor.
Here are a couple stories that noted Larry’s research:
Artificial Gravity: A New Spin on an Old Idea
https://www.space.com/558-artificial-gravity-spin-idea.html
Artificial Gravity: NASA Spins Up New Study
https://www.space.com/1089-artificial-gravity-nasa-spins-study.html
Swedish astronaut Christer Fuglesang tries out the new centrifuge while MIT professor Larry Young coaches him on.
Credit: Bill Litant/MIT AeroAstro
Years of mentoring
Larry was on the External Council of the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Program, a group that was boosted by his creativity and thoughtfulness.
Dava Newman, the Apollo Professor of Astronautics and director of the MIT Media Lab, is a former Young mentee. “With all of the science we’ve learned and through all his years of mentoring, the moonshot Larry leaves with us is to never think about any constraints and boundaries, to literally always shoot for the Moon, to Mars and beyond — that’s the big dream that he inspired in me and all of his colleagues.”
Here’s Larry as he recounts working with Charles Stark (Doc) Draper at MIT AeroAstro’s “Apollo 50+50”, a March 13, 2019 symposium celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing. Go to this video at:
Thanks for all those conversations, Larry. I’ll miss you.
Credit: CNSA/Inside Outer Space screengrab
China’s Tianwen 1 Mars mission – both the orbiter and Zhurong rover – will suspend operations for about 50 days starting in mid-September.
“During that time, the Earth, Mars and the sun will almost be in a straight line and the distance between Earth and Mars will be farthest,” said Zhang Rongqiao of the China National Space Administration (CNSA). “The Sun’s electromagnetic radiation will greatly affect the communication between the rover, the orbiter and ground control.”
The rover had been operating on the Red Planet for 100 days as of Monday, while the orbiter has been circling Mars since February.
Credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space Screengrab
Data gathering
As of Monday, the six-wheeled solar-powered rover has traveled over 3,490 feet (1,064 meters) across the southern part of the Utopia Planitia. The robot’s scientific payloads have garnered around 10 gigabytes of primary data since its touchdown in mid-May, the CNSA said.
After they resume operation in early November, the rover will continue traveling southward toward an ancient coastal area on Utopia Planitia, a large plain within the largest known impact basin in the solar system.
Topography around the Zhurong Rover, as observed by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Credit: NASA/JPL/UArizona
The orbiter will enter a new Mars orbit to carry out a remote-sensing global survey of the Red Planet and will continue relaying signals between Zhurong and Earth, Zhang said.
The Zhurong rover has outlived its three-month life expectancy with all of its predetermined tasks completed.
Go to this China Central Television (CCTV) News Agency video focused on the rover at:
Credit: Inspiration4/St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital
SpaceX is targeting September 15 for Falcon 9’s launch of the Inspiration4 crew, the first all-civilian human spaceflight mission to orbit.
Once in orbit, the crew will perform research experiments on human health and performance, which will have potential applications for human health on Earth and during future spaceflights.
Biomedical data collected for the Inspiration4 mission will be made accessible for research purposes through an open data repository funded and overseen by the Translational Research Institute for Space Health (TRISH) at Baylor College of Medicine in Texas.
High orbit
The three-day mission will target approximately a 357 mile (575 kilometers) high orbit, flying farther from Earth than any human spaceflight since the Hubble Space Telescope repair missions.
Credit: SpaceX/Inspiration4
Inspiration4’s goal is to inspire humanity and raise money for St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital.
Jared Isaacman, 38, is commander of the Inspiration4 mission. An American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and civilian pilot, Isaacman is the CEO and Chairman of Shift4 Payments. Isaacman donated the three mission seats alongside him to crew members who will represent the mission pillars of leadership, hope, generosity and prosperity.
The three other crew members are:
- Hayley Arceneaux, 29, a pediatric cancer survivor and physician assistant at St. Jude’s Children’s Research Hospital, the youngest American ever to go to space, and the first with a prosthesis.
- Chris Sembroski, 41, a U.S. Air Force veteran and Lockheed Martin aerospace industry data engineer.
- Sian Proctor, 51, a geosciences professor and science communicator at South Mountain Community College in Phoenix, Arizona.
For more information on the mission, go to:
Asteroids: How Love, Fear, and Greed Will Determine Our Future in Space by Martin Elvis; Yale University Press; 312 pages; Hardcover; Publish date, June 8, 2021; $30.00.
This is a timely book…about the future of exploiting asteroids and our future in space.
Martin Elvis is an astrophysicist at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian and serves up a unique perspective about purported “trillionaires” making their heavenly fortune mining asteroids.
“By starting from the basic motivations that make asteroids appealing to those who would exploit them – love, fear, and greed – my hope is to give the reader a fuller perspective of the whole issue,” Elvis explains in the book’s preface.
Divided into 10 sections, the author sets the scene, dives into motive and means and concludes with the opportunity, taking a long look at making space safe for capitalism. The book includes an impressive notes section, guiding the reader to further investigate a wide-range of topics.
A valuable starting-gun, and a well written read, is an opening primer on asteroids. There’s also attention paid to the pros and cons of the UN Outer Space Treaty as Elvis asks: “Is the mining of space resources creating property, or is it theft?” Eventually, the author adds, he is confident that asteroid mining will start to pay off. “We should think about what kind of future we want as we craft laws and build the governance structures that will guide our expansion into the Solar System.”
Martin Elvis has provided an important framework for assessing how humankind should look at the vast riches likely available via asteroids – and how these resources can utilized in the near-term for wealth creation in our Solar System.
This book offers priceless insights that are needed as multiple nations – the U.S., China, Japan in particular – have begun, or soon will be, making up-close investigations of various breeds of space rocks, for immediate scientific gain and perhaps future profit motive.
For more information on this book, go to:
Credit: NASA
On Mars, pit craters and cave skylights would be effectively shielded from the damaging ultraviolet radiation (UV) on the Martian surface. Furthermore, the attenuated UV irradiance in cavernous spaces remains stable at least in a 10 million year timescale.
Additionally, the radiation environment offered by voids on the Red Planet may represent favorable environments for habitability.
Those are a few takeaway messages from new research by D. Viúdez-Moreiras at the Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) & National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA) in Madrid, Spain.
Preserved evidence of life
“Caves and their entrances have been proposed as habitable environments and regions that could have preserved evidence of life, mostly due to their natural shielding from the damaging ionizing and non-ionizing radiation present on the surface. However, no studies to date have quantitatively determined the shielding offered by these voids on Mars,” explains Viúdez-Moreiras.
The just-published paper presents for the first time the UV radiation environment in typical void geometries found to date on Mars.
Illustrative void captured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s HiRISE camera northeast of Arsia Mons on the Red Planet. Cavernous spaces are expected in many of these voids.
Credit: MRO/HiRISE/University of Arizona
“The intermediate radiation environment between the damaging radiation on the surface and the permanent darkness of a hypothetical cave offered by voids on Mars may represent favorable environments for habitability without constraining the type of energy source for potential as-yet unknown Martian organisms,” Viúdez-Moreiras reports.
Surface hazards
The researcher notes that the thin Martian atmosphere offers poor protection against ionizing and UV radiation, and, together with the lack of a planetary-scale magnetic field to filter ionizing radiation, allows high levels of radiation to reach the Martian surface.
“The radiation levels on Mars represent an additional difficulty for the survival of life on the surface, at least based on the present knowledge, in addition to the degradation of possible organic molecules produced by biogenetic or abiotic processes,” Viúdez-Moreiras points out.
The subsurface of Mars would not only be shielded from radiation fluxes, but also offer protection against small-scale meteorite impacts wind processes and extreme weather such as the dust storms that typically impact the Martian surface.
Location of candidate caves in the Tharsis region on Mars.
Credit: USGS
Small features
However, Viúdez-Moreiras flags the fact there are difficulties in detecting these small features in the Mars topography, preventing a wide number of pit craters and cave entrances being discovered to date.
Possible cave entrances based on skylights on Mars have been observed from orbit by NASA’s Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) in the Tharsis region. Also, imagery analyzed from NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor of Elysium Mons has resulted in the detection of thirty-two skylight candidates.
Viúdez-Moreiras concludes that pit craters and cave skylights “present strong interest from an astrobiological perspective in terms of potential habitability and regions that could have preserved evidence of life, given the protection these environments offer against the hazards on the surface of Mars, such as UV radiation.”
Mars expedition probes the promise that Mars was a home address for past, possibly life today.
Credit: NASA
Needed: More data, modeling work
“Pit craters and cave skylights, which are intermediate in terms of UV radiation between the damaging levels present on the Martian surface and the permanent darkness of a hypothetical cave, may offer environments favorable for the habitability and preservation of organic molecules in locations that would be relatively easy to access by surface missions.”
Viúdez-Moreiras suggests that further modeling work and more data from current and future missions would be necessary to appraise the habitability of these environments.
To read the full paper in the journal Icarus – “The ultraviolet radiation environment and shielding in pit craters and cave skylights on Mars” – go to:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103521003171
This is a black and white image of Temptation Hill. There are large boulders embedded on the sandy hill. There are other smaller hills in the background. “Temptation Hill,” the base of which is peppered with large “popcorn” nodules, large enough to be visible in this image taken by Curiosity’s Right Navigation Camera on Sol 3219 on August 26, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover at Gale Crater is now performing Sol 3221 duties.
Reports Catherine O’Connell-Cooper, a planetary geologist at the University of New Brunswick; Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada: “Recent workspaces have featured two types of textures – one smooth, one rougher with small nodules or grains apparent.”
Curiosity Front Hazard Avoidance Camera Left B image acquired on Sol 3220, August 27, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
In the last plan, the rover’s Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) investigated the rougher material in the target “Smailholm.”
Shoot the laser
A recently scripted plan has the robot brushing and analyzing the smoother material in the target “Saltopus” with APXS, MAHLI and Mastcam.
Curiosity Left B Navigation Camera image taken on Sol 3220, August 27, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
The Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) is slated to shoot the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) laser at Saltopus, and an example of the smoother material at “Stainton.”
Curiosity Chemistry & Camera (ChemCam) Remote Micro-Imager (RMI) photo taken on Sol 3220, August 27, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL
“Mastcam will image the appropriately named ‘Temptation Hill,’ the base of which is peppered with large ‘popcorn’ nodules,” O’Connell-Cooper notes. “These are just out of reach, tempting us to swing over that way and spend some time there, but we are on a tight deadline, with our next drill campaign starting – so images will have to suffice!”
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera photo acquired on Sol 3220, August 27, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
33rd hole
Curiosity has a mission guideline to drill roughly every 82 feet (25 meters) of elevation gain.
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera photo acquired on Sol 3220, August 27, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
“Our last drill campaign was just six weeks ago, when we drilled at Pontours on sol 3170, but this weekend’s plan sees us gearing up to drill again, since we are now 25 meters higher,” O’Connell-Cooper adds.
“This weekend’s plan marks the first sol (“sol Zero”) of this drill campaign, as we get ourselves into position over the desired bedrock target,” O’Connell-Cooper reports. The robot is to wheel itself a short 49 feet (15 meters) to some promising looking bedrock, “whose chemical composition and physical properties will be assessed in the next plan to make sure we can safely drill our thirty-third hole on Mars!”
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover used its Mastcam to capture this 360-degree view near “Rafael Navarro Mountain.”
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover at Gale Crater is now performing Sol 3220 duties.
Curiosity Front Hazard Avoidance Camera Left B image taken on Sol 3219, August 26, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Ryan Anderson, a planetary geologist at the USGS Astrogeology Science Center in Flagstaff, Arizona reports that the robot should be about 23 feet (7 meters) from its next drill location.
Curiosity Front Hazard Avoidance Camera Left B image taken on Sol 3219, August 26, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Texture change
“We’ve noticed a change in the texture of the rocks over the last few drives,” Anderson adds, “so we are eagerly collecting data as we approach the drill site to help understand what caused the change.”
A Sol 3219 plan called for Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) observations of the target “Smailholm” followed by a Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) measurement on the bedrock target “Dunlop.”
Curiosity Left B Navigation Camera image acquired on Sol 3219, August 26, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
“ChemCam will also use its telescope to take a long distance mosaic of the layers on “Rafael Navarro Mountain.” Mastcam will then document the area around targets Dunlop and Smailholm, and collect two more mosaics covering a layered outcrop named “Dunnideer” and the layers at the base of the more distant “Siccar Point.” After that, we’ll drive and collect all the usual post-drive images,” Anderson notes.
Curiosity Left B Navigation Camera image acquired on Sol 3219, August 26, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Watching for clouds
On Sol 3220, the plan calls for the rover’s Navcam to make several observations, measuring the amount of dust in the atmosphere and watching for clouds and dust devils. Mastcam will also make an atmospheric dust measurement, Anderson reports.
Curiosity Left B Navigation Camera image acquired on Sol 3219, August 26, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
After the atmospheric observations, ChemCam will autonomously target a patch of bedrock and analyze it. Overnight APXS will measure the atmospheric composition and ChemCam will run some passive calibration activities.
Curiosity Left B Navigation Camera image acquired on Sol 3219, August 26, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera photo taken on Sol 3219, August 26, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
