Archive for the ‘Space News’ Category
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November 16th, 2021
Curiosity Front Hazard Avoidance Camera Left B photo taken on Sol 3298, November 15, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover at Gale Crater is now performing Sol 3299 duties.
The robot is in the midst of the Zechstein drilling campaign, reports Catherine O’Connell-Cooper, a planetary geologist at the University of New Brunswick; Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.
The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) team is eagerly waiting for the results of their weekend evolved gas analysis (EGA) analysis on the newly drilled sample.
Curiosity Mast Camera Left image taken on Sol 3297, November 14, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Depending on the results, O’Connell-Cooper adds that scientists might move onto characterizing the dumped sample with the rover’s contact science instruments and Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) in the next plan.
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera image acquired on Sol 3298, November 15, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Telling of the tailings
“Anticipating the return to contact science within the next few days, Mastcam will take an image of the tailings around the Zechstein drill hole,” O’Connell-Cooper notes.
This change detection image will be used to determine the shape of the tailings, to see if they have been moved around by wind or by the ChemCam Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) measurement of the drill hole wall on sol 3292.
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera image acquired on Sol 3298, November 15, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
The Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) and the other contact science teams “are looking forward to getting to work on these samples,” O’Connell-Cooper reports.
Curiosity Chemistry & Camera Remote Micro-Imager (RMI) photo taken on Sol 3298, November 15, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL
Local bedrock
In the meantime, Mars researchers continue to characterize the local bedrock with ChemCam and Mastcam.
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera image acquired on Sol 3298, November 15, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
“ChemCam is using the LIBS instrument to analyze two targets. One (“Aberlemmo”) is on some obviously layered bedrock, the second (”Caledonite”) is on a nearby fragment of bedrock but layering is less prominent. ChemCam will conduct a paired experiment, so that we can potentially determine if the layering has an associated compositional factor,” O’Connell-Cooper explains.
Curiosity’s Mastcam will image these targets and a third layered target (“Balmashanna”) in the same part of the workspace.
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera image acquired on Sol 3298, November 15, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Underlying rocks
“Finally, the hardworking ChemCam and Mastcam instruments will do some long distance imaging of the overlying Greenheugh pediment,” O’Connell-Cooper says, “looking at the contact between the pediment and underlying rocks.”
O’Connell-Cooper concludes her report noting that the environmental theme group continues their campaign to document environmental conditions in Gale crater, with tau observations (measuring dust in the atmosphere), cloud surveys and dust devil movies, “hoping to catch one in action!”
Posted in 
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO).
Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab
The existence of carbon dioxide (CO2) cold traps on the Moon has been confirmed. That finding offers a potential resource for future exploration of the lunar surface.
However, large CO2 cold traps are rare and the geographic concentration of the resource will have policy implications.
As pointed out in new research, carbon-bearing species would be essential for sustained robotic or human presence on the Moon, for use in rocket fuel and biological materials.
South polar region of the Moon. Areas that act as CO2 cold traps are colored. Black contours show the boundaries of H2O cold traps. The background map is shaded relief.
Credit: Norbert Schorghofer
Improved analysis
Various volatiles can be cold-trapped in permanently shadowed craters near the lunar poles. The existence of carbon dioxide cold traps has previously been surmised, but the required temperatures are near the lowest surface temperatures that have been reliably measured.
The new research makes use of extensive and improved analysis of 11 years of orbital surface temperature measurements that establishes the existence of carbon dioxide cold traps on the Moon, which potentially host high concentrations of solid carbon dioxide.
“Carbon Dioxide Cold Traps on the Moon” is a new paper appearing in Geophysical Research Letters, led by Tucson, Arizona-based Planetary Science Institute (PSI) senior scientist Norbert Schorghofer.
Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment.
Credits: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Debbie McCallum
Important resource
“After water, carbon is probably the most important resource on the Moon. It can be used for the production of rocket fuel, but also for biomaterials and steel. If we have to bring carbon or fuel from Earth, it drives up the cost of sustained presence,” Schorghofer explains in a PSI statement.
It’s part of “living off the land,” or in-situ resource utilization, Schorghofer said.
“Extensive and improved analysis of 11 years of orbital surface temperature measurements by the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment on board NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) establishes the existence of carbon dioxide cold traps on the Moon, which potentially host high concentrations of solid carbon dioxide, Schorghofer said.
“Our work has established the existence of CO2 cold traps, where theory predicts solid CO2 should have accumulated,” Schorghofer added. “Our work does not show that there actually is CO2 in these areas, but it is a reasonable expectation, especially since CO2 was detected in the LCROSS (NASA’s Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite) impact plume in 2009.”
LRO image of Amundsen crater. Credit: NASA/GSFC/ASU
Many terabytes of data
In the new study, many terabytes of Diviner data were processed to capture the full time dependence of surface temperatures.
The Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment (DLRE) onboard LRO is built to identify cold traps — areas cold enough to preserve ice for billions of years — and potential ice deposits as well as rough terrain, rock abundance, and other landing hazards.
Diviner was built and developed by the University of California, Los Angeles, and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif
Exploration target
According to the paper, the total area of CO2 cold traps in the south polar region of the Moon is about 200 square kilometers.
For comparison, water ice cold traps cover nearly 14,000 square kilometers.
Concentrated CO2 is an extremely scarce resource, only found at a few places, and a large portion of its cold trap area resides on the floor of Amundsen crater on the Moon.
That feature, which is relatively accessible, may be a promising exploration target. In this area, temperatures never exceed negative 350 degree Fahrenheit, so it will definitely be a technological challenge to explore these extremely cold and permanently dark places.
“The fact that this resource is highly concentrated geographically has implications for the governance of the lunar surface. Moreover, the interaction of carbon with galactic cosmic rays can produce organic compounds,” the paper points out.
To view the paper – “Carbon Dioxide Cold Traps on the Moon” – go to:
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021GL095533
Shenzhou-13 crew.
Credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Life onboard China’s burgeoning space station is captured in newly released videos. The three-person Shenzhou-13 crew was launched October 16: Zhai Zhigang, Ye Guangful, and female taikonaut, Wang Yaping.
Residence for the space trio is the China space station’s core module, Tianhe – the country’s longest human space trek, a six-month stay in Earth orbit.
Female taikonaut, Wang Yaping.
Credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Wang, together with Zhai Zhigang, conducted their mission’s first series of extravehicular activities (EVAs) on November 7 lasting 6.5 hours. The EVAs tested the functions of the China-developed new-generation extravehicular spacesuits, the coordination between the astronauts and the mechanical arm, and the reliability and safety of supporting equipment related to the EVAs, according to the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA).
The robotic arm of China’s Tiangong space station seen from Tianhe core module. Credit: Weibo via Twitter
Robotic arm
One key piece of equipment is the nearly 34-foot long (10.2-meters) robotic arm installed on the Tianhe module. It can carry up to 25 tons of weight, consisting of seven joints, two limbs, two sets of extension gears, two sets of end cameras and end effectors (also known as end-of-arm tooling), one set of central controllers, and an elbow camera.
The robotic arm is designed help the taikonauts in their extravehicular activities in the assembly, construction, maintenance, and repair of the space station, and support space applications, according to the space agency.
Credit: CMSE/China Media Group/CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Big arm, small arm
The robotic arm consists of two parts, the “big arm” and the “small arm.” When combined, the relationship between the two parts is similar to a human’s upper and lower arm.
- big arm is a versatile 10-meter-long robotic arm, and is the key equipment for heavy-lifting jobs, from moving components for installation to carrying astronauts for space walks.
- small arm is over 16 feet (5 meters) in length. It is scheduled to be installed in a 2022 mission that adds a lab capsule to China’s space station.
During the recent spacewalk, Zhai installed a key component that will be used to connect the two arms on the exterior of the core module.
Credit: CMSE/CCTV
The two arms consist of several joints that enable the machines to reach different modules of the space station. The development of the arms tapped various industries, from machinery to electronics and optical technologies.
According to Gao Sheng, an engineer in charge of the mechanical arm operation at the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), after connection, the big arm and the small arm will form a combined mechanical arm, attaining an extended range of 48-feet (14.5 meters).
The combined mechanical arm can cover three modules of the space station, inspecting their surface at any time, Gao said.
Go to these videos showcasing life onboard the in-construction space station:
A number of videos have been issued documenting the recent spacewalk activities. Go to:
Don’t Blow Yourself Up: The Further True Adventures and Travails of the Rocket Boy of October Sky by Homer Hickam; Published by Post Hill Press/Distributed by Simon & Schuster; 416 pages; October 2021; Hard Cover; $27.00.
This celebrated writer’s memoir Rocket Boys was adapted into the film October Sky. Hickam’s new book is a delightful read and, as he introduces the volume, he writes: “I decided to sit down and write about some of the things that happened in those years after I was a Rocket Boy in West Virginia. This memoir is the result.”
“Don’t blow yourself up” is a direct quote from Elsie Hickam, the author’s mother. The book is divided into 5 parts, all equally enjoyable. Among a range of experiences, the author recounts his life in college, his Vietnam experiences, trained the first Japanese astronauts, taught David Letterman to scuba dive…even helped to fix the Hubble Space Telescope.
For his space adventures, one part is called “NASA Man,” admitting that his learning curve at NASA was steep. The author offers some captivating looks at Marshall Space Flight Center and his automation work on the Space Shuttle/Spacelab program. Hickam poignantly writes about his reaction to the loss of Challenger, a consequence of “launch fever” that created an American disaster.
In the closing pages of the book, Hickam recounts the writing of Rocket Boys and the making of the October Sky movie. A retired NASA engineer, the author serves on the boards of the United States Space & Rocket Center (Space Camp) and the Museum of the Rockies, and was appointed in 2019 as an advisor to the National Space Council.
Again, thanks to his wit and writing talents, you’ll encounter humor, but also personal pain and hardships. As former NASA astronaut Mike Massimino explains in the first pages of the book, “Homer takes us from rocket boy to rocket man to bestselling author. He writes about his experiences with an engineer’s precision and a poet’s emotions, not only sharing the details of the times in which he has lived, but also the deep inner feelings of his life’s successes and disappointments in a most personal and incredibly honest way.”
Massimino adds: “Read this book and be inspired to reach for the stars.”
For more information on this book, go to:
https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Dont-Blow-Yourself-Up/Homer-Hickam/9781642938241
Also, go to:
https://homerhickam.com/product/dont-blow-yourself-up/
Homer Hickam hardback books can be purchased and personalized, autographed and mailed to the reader.
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover is now carrying out Sol 3296 duties.
New imagery spotlights the intriguing geology at the robot’s current location.
Images taken by Curiosity’s Mast Camera Right on Sol 3294, November 11, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera image taken on Sol 3293, November 10, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover at Gale Crater is now performing Sol 3295 duties.
The robot is continuing its drill campaign at the Zechstein site reports Mariah Baker, a planetary geologist at the Center for Earth & Planetary Studies at the Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
Curiosity Right B Navigation Camera image taken on Sol 3293, November 10, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
“Even though the original plan already included two hefty science blocks, the rover still had extra energy to spare! In order to take advantage of this excess energy, the team added yet another science block to the plan and strategically positioned it to occur in the morning around 8 AM local Martian time,” Baker explains.
Curiosity Front Hazard Avoidance Camera Left B image acquired on Sol 3293, November 11, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Curiosity Chemistry & Camera (ChemCam) Remote Micro-Imager (RMI) photo acquired on Sol 3294, November 10, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL
Better illumination
While science blocks typically occur during the middle of the day, this early morning time was desirable because it would provide better illumination for acquiring a Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) Remote Micro-Imager (RMI) image of a complex rock outcrop nearby.
Curiosity Chemistry & Camera (ChemCam) RMI photo acquired on Sol 3294, November 11, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL
“Plus, the additional heating needed to operate instruments during the cold morning hours would use up more of the rover’s spare energy,” Baker adds. “In other words, this new morning block was beneficial for both science and operations—a win win!”
Curiosity Chemistry & Camera (ChemCam) Remote Micro-Imager (RMI) photo acquired on Sol 3294, November 11, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL
Filled to the brim
The other two science blocks in the plan were also filled to the brim with activities: two Mastcam mosaics were planned on local bedrock including target “Hare Stone,” and a third Mastcam mosaic will provide stereo coverage of a curved sand ripple that can be seen from orbit.
Curiosity Mast Camera imagery taken on Sol 3292, November 9, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
A ChemCam Passive observation was slated to collect supplementary data on a pebble that was studied previously using the ChemCam Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) capability.
Additional ChemCam LIBS measurements and associated Mastcam documentation images were to be acquired on bedrock targets “Tong Saltings” and “Stack of Handa.”
Curiosity Chemistry & Camera RMI photo shows laser strikes in new drill hole. Taken on Sol 3292, November 9, 2021.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL
Weekend of science
“A third Mastcam documentation image of the Zechstein drill hole will be used to monitor wind-driven changes in the drill tailings,” Baker reports.
“The rover will also collect a set of environmental Navcam observations including dust devil, suprahorizon, and zenith movies, as well as a line-of-sight image for studying atmospheric dust levels,” Baker concludes. “Even with all the activities planned over the next two sols, the rover is projected to have enough energy entering the plan on Friday for another full weekend of science!”
Credit: NASA
Earth’s cold moon looms as hot property given its prospect of becoming feedstock for humans to not only survive but thrive on that desolate lunar landscape.
And with that promise, there’s also an upsurge of legal issues regarding tapping the Moon’s assets, along with property rights and first-come, first-served dibs on digging out those resources.
Credit: Space Adventures
All this is 21st century, front-and-center discussion, but add to the dialog decades old questions of who can lay claim to space and, perhaps more pressingly, who owns the moon?
That question was tackled in an October 18 video conversation sponsored by the New York-based Explorers Club.
Go to my new Space.com story – “Who owns the moon? One man’s lunar claim – It’s only slightly tongue in cheek” at:
https://www.space.com/moon-property-rights-lunokhod-2-richard-garriott
SpinLaunch reports it has conducted a successful vertical launch at its Spaceport New Mexico Test Site in October 22, 2021.
The somewhat closed-lipped SpinLaunch was founded by Jonathan Yaney in 2014 to “reimagine” space launch technology and enable the rapid and cost-effective deployment of small satellite constellations into Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
Credit: SpinLaunch/Inside Outer Space screengrab
SpinLaunch uses a novel kinetic launch system.
Flight #1 was a successful horizontal flight – the entire vacuum chamber assembly can rotate to a variety of launch elevations for testing and range flexibility, notes a Tweet from the company.
Credit: SpinLaunch/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Headquartered in Long Beach, California, SpinLaunch employs over 200 employees. It is backed by partners including Airbus Ventures, Google Ventures and Kleiner Perkins.
Credit: SpinLaunch/Inside Outer Space screengrab
According to the firm’s website, the company is on target to place satellites in orbit and deliver payloads for spacefaring endeavors by 2025.
Artist’s view of futuristic launch facility for hurling satellites into Earth orbit.
Credit: SpinLaunch
Go to this video gallery that showcases the concept and the October first vertical flight at:
https://www.spinlaunch.com/gallery
Also, ace CNBC space reporter, Michael Sheetz, has written a story on the test flight, here:
https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/09/spinlaunch-completes-first-test-flight-of-alternative-rocket.html
Lastly, take a read of these past stories on Inside Outer Space:
SpinLaunch: New Investment
https://www.leonarddavid.com/spinlaunch-new-investment/
SpinLaunch: Kinetic Energy-based System for Orbiting Satellites
https://www.leonarddavid.com/spinlaunch-kinetic-energy-based-system-for-orbiting-satellites/
New “Spin” on Launching Small Satellites (Updated)
https://www.leonarddavid.com/new-spin-on-launching-small-satellites/
Fregat upper stage. Credit: Roscosmos
Russia’s re-entry into lunar exploration – the Luna-25 – is slowly coming together with a projected launch date apparently sliding from May into July 2022.
Meanwhile, an upper stage “Fregat” designed to launch the Moon probe atop a Soyuz-2.1b booster is being air-shipped to the Vostochny Cosmodrome.
Russia’s Luna-25 Moon lander.
Credit: RSC Energia/Roscosmos
Luna-25 has been produced by NPO Lavochkin and tasked to soft land in the near-polar region and to carry out contact studies of the South Pole of the Moon. The main task of the mission is to develop basic soft landing technologies.
The Fregat upper stage, manufactured by NPO Lavochkin, is used as part of medium-class launch vehicles, hurling payloads on trajectories departing from the Earth. Since 2000, the Fregat upper stage has provided 101 launch campaigns and launched more than 700 spacecraft, both Russian and foreign, into various near-earth orbits and departure trajectories.
Factory floor integration of science instruments on Russia’s Luna-25 Moon mission, originally targeted for an October 2021 sendoff.
Credit: Roscosmos
Follow-on missions
Originally targeted for sendoff in October 2021, Luna-25 opens a long-term Russian lunar program, which includes missions to study the Moon from orbit and surface, collect and return lunar soil to Earth, as well as construct a visited lunar base, in cooperation with the Chinese National Space Administration within a large-scale project to create an International Scientific Lunar Station.
As noted by the Institute of Space Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, there are follow-on Russian Moon missions on the books: Luna-26 (or Luna-Resurs-Orbiter), an orbital mission to study Moon from low polar orbit. Luna-27 would be a landing mission (or Luna-Resurs-Lander), designed to study lunar regolith on-the-spot. The European Space Agency (ESA) is working on a drill and a sampling device for this spacecraft.
Luna-27
Credit: Roscosmos/ESA
ESA/Russia cooperation
When Luna-25 lands on the Moon, it will image the terrain with a European Pilot-D camera built specifically for landing.
According to ESA, two years after Luna-25, the Luna-26 orbiter will be sent to lunar orbit for remote scientific measurements and as a possible communications relay for the next lander mission. It will transmit data back to ground stations on Earth, including ESA’s ground station network.
The Luna-27 lander will be launched one year after Luna-26 and will be larger than its predecessor Luna-25. It will fly to a challenging landing site closer to the lunar south pole using a European system called Pilot as its main navigation system.
Additionally, Luna-27 will deploy the European Prospect drill that will search for water ice and other chemicals under the surface.
China’s Tianwen-1 Mars orbiter.
Credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Circling Mars, China’s Tianwen-1 spacecraft has been placed in a new orbit to initiate a global remote sensing sweep of the planet. The orbit change was completed in nearly two hours with four high-power engines pushing the orbiter into a pre-set orbit through a single ignition.
The orbiter is designed to orbit Mars for about two years and has been working since it entered Mars orbit in February 2021.
Tianwen-1 will continue to relay communication between China’s Zhurong Mars rover and Earth in the new orbit.
Credit: Zou Yongliao, et al.
Seven payloads
China National Space Administration (CNSA) has stated that the orbiter’s seven scientific payloads will obtain scientific data relating to morphology and geological structure, surface material composition and soil type distribution, the atmospheric ionosphere and the space environment of Mars.
In a China Central Television (CCTV) interview, Zhu Xinbo, deputy chief designer, Tianwen-1 Mars orbiter, said the orbiter will move between the north and south poles of Mars, and conduct surface sensing at its perigee (lowest point of the orbit) to better observe the Red Planet.
“The camera’s resolution will be greatly improved,” Zhu said.
Zhu said it is estimated that preliminary global data of Mars will be available by June 2022, laying a foundation for subsequent robotic Mars sampling missions.
Zhurong Mars robot. Credit: CNSA
“We can get insightful data about the Mars through the payloads, including magnetic field, topography and subsurface structure,” said Zhu.
Credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
In good condition
To date, CNSA added that the Tianwen-1 spacecraft has worked in orbit for 473 days. Meanwhile the Zhurong rover has operated on the Martian surface for 174 Martian days, accumulating a total distance of 0.7 of a mile (1,253 meters). The two are in good condition and all systems are reportedly working normally.
Before the rover touched down on the Red Planet, the orbiter’s high-resolution camera and medium-resolution camera produced images of the landing area.
“At the end of next year when the orbiter’s designed life comes to an end, we’ll design new missions based on the specific conditions of the orbiter, and will then lower its orbit to extend the segmental arc for closer observation of Mars and obtain more exploratory data,” Zhu said.
Subsurface radar deployment
Onboard the Tianwen-1 orbiter is the Mars Orbiter Subsurface Investigation Radar (MOSIR). MOSIR is intended to search for water ice and liquid water that may be associated with signs of life in the polar layered deposits, Tianwen-1 landing site, and other selected areas.
With its deployment, the subsurface radar will have four antennas, which are about five meters in length. “Electromagnetic waves can be transmitted and received through the four antennas. Then we can explore and get the data about the subsurface structure of Mars, including the distribution of water and ice,” said Zhu.
Go to these newly released videos detailing the orbit change and China’s planning of Red Planet exploration at:
