Archive for the ‘Space News’ Category
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July 18th, 2023
Image credit: NASA
It is an early, up-front message from 20th century Apollo moonwalkers.
The Moon is one big dust bowl. It can jam up machines. It is abrasive to delicate science gear, and adheres to space suits. It’s also a hazard to humans breathing in the stuff within the comfy confines of a lunar habitat after a hard day’s work on the Moon’s surface.
Apollo 17 helmets and dusty spacesuits stuffed inside lunar lander following the last human treks on the Moon in December 1972.
Credit: NASA
“Mitigation technologies that quickly and effectively remove dust particles (down to microns in size) with minimal consumables, as well as meet tight mass, volume, and power constraints, are needed for future long-term lunar exploration,” explains Charles T. Pett, a PhD student
in aerospace engineering at the University of Maryland.
Lunar dust haunted Apollo moonwalkers. Can that dust offer a way to mitigate climate change on Earth?
Image credit: NASA/Azita Valinia
Handheld device
To tackle the talcum powder-like Moon dust, enter the “Gecko Roller” – a handheld device that functions in the same way as a common terrestrial lint roller.
The idea was inspired by studying the skin membrane of a gecko, a small lizard. Due to a multitude of microscopic hairs on their feet, these little critters can cling and climb with great finesse.
Pett and his research colleagues suggest a bit of biomimicry.
Top left shows topographical characteristics of gecko toes. Bottom left, scanning electron microscope images of manufactured gecko skin microstructure. Right, Gecko Roller after removing flour from a hard surface. Image credits: C. T. Pett, et al.
Cling appeal
“The synthetic gecko skin membrane is a silicone elastomer with micron-scale molded hair-like structures that increase the adhesion between the dust and the elastomer,” the research team explains. “The Gecko Roller requires no power when operated by an astronaut, but can become reusable via electrostatic cleaning if power is available.”
In preliminary work, the Gecko Roller has shown its cling appeal to effectively remove dust from hard surfaces, as well as a spacesuit fabric swatch at lab temperature and pressure.
Someone tell GEICO that the Gecko Roller is a dust busting insurance policy need for 21st century Moon walking crews.
Image credit: GEICO
Posted in 
Image credit: Roscosmos
Russia’s Luna-25 robotic Moon lander continues to make preparations for its launch from the Vostochny cosmodrome.
Recently, electrical and other spacecraft checkouts were carried out (from July 12 to July 16) with Russia’s Roscosmos adding that “the results are positive and without any comments!”
Liftoff of Luna-25 by a Soyuz-2.1b rocket with a Fregat upper stage is scheduled for August.
Luna-25 is Russia’s re-rendezvous with Moon exploration, picking up where the former Soviet Union left off in 1976.
South pole landing
The spacecraft is to try out technology for soft landing, take and analyze the soil and conduct other scientific research, as well as study the upper layer of the surface regolith in the region of the south pole of the Moon, as well as the lunar exosphere.
Image credit: Roscosmos
In terms of landing, Luna-25 is fundamentally different from its predecessors. Former Soviet lunar stations landed on the Moon in the equatorial zone. The new station should gently plop down on the Moon “in the circumpolar region with complex terrain,” notes Roscosmos.
Image credit: Roscosmos
Public poll
Meanwhile, a public poll has been taken to give a name to the talisman and its magical powers. Out of three top candidates, “Moon”; “Fox”; and “Sonata” are in the running, with “Sonata” in the lead, according to a Roscosmos Telegraph posting.
For more information on this upcoming mission, go to my new Space.com story “Russia’s Luna-25 moon lander reaches launch site for a reported August 11 liftoff” at:
https://www.space.com/russia-moon-mission-luna-25-at-launch-site
Image credit: China Manned Space Engineering Office
The China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) on Monday issued an announcement to solicit proposals for payloads to be carried by the country’s human Moon mission set to take place in 2030.
According to the CMSA, the lunar lander will carry scientific payloads solicited from research institutions, universities and high-tech enterprises.
Investigative fields would include lunar geology and lunar physics, observation, space life sciences, as well as deep drilling on the lunar surface and utilization of lunar resources, the CMSA stated, as reported by the Global Times and Xinhua news groups.
Image credit: China Manned Space Engineering Office
Lunar rover
Chinese astronauts will be able to explore the surface of the Moon using a two-seater lunar rover which will be able to collect samples within a range of 6 miles (10 kilometers), according to Zhang Hailian, deputy chief designer with the CMSA.
Zhang said that in addition to the two-person lunar rover, China also plans to launch a lunar mobile laboratory with large-scale mobile capabilities. It will be able to operate uncrewed on the lunar surface for a considerable time, and will be equipped to support the short-term stay of astronauts.
Image credit: China Manned Space Engineering Office
Preliminary plans
In recent days, China space experts have been detailing the country’s humans-to-the-Moon exploration plans, although cited as preliminary.
Last week, a preliminary plan for landing a Chinese crew on the Moon before 2030 was outlined, based on use of two carrier rockets to transfer a Moon lander and a crewed spacecraft into lunar orbit.
The two would then rendezvous and dock with each other. Crew transfer into the Moon lander would be done in lunar orbit. After crew touchdown on the Moon and lunar tasks are finished, the explorers would then rocket back into lunar orbit to dock with their orbiting spacecraft for return to Earth.
Image credit: China Manned Space Engineering Office
According to China Central Television (CCTV), Chinese researchers are working on the development of the Long March-10 carrier rocket, a new generation of piloted spacecraft, a lunar lander, a lunar landing spacesuit, a wheeled lunar rover for Moon explorers, and other equipment, citing Zhang speaking at a recent space industry forum in Wuhan, capital of central China’s Hubei Province.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter has relayed some new imagery, acquired on July 14.
A black and white image was taken by the mini-chopper’s Navigation Camera mounted in the helicopter’s fuselage and pointed directly downward to track the ground during flight.
The color image was produced by Ingenuity’s high-resolution color camera mounted in the helicopter’s fuselage and pointed approximately 22 degrees below the horizon.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Mars rocks!
Meanwhile, a “stunning discovery” by the Perseverance Mars rover may flip the script regarding the oldest rocks in Jezero crater.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Mars Guy
Where they formed from a thick lava flow or lava lake that once filled the crater?
New data challenges that idea, suggests Mars Guy.
Go to this new video at:
Image credit: ISRO
India’s Moon-bound Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander/rover is toting a NASA laser retroreflector array. In NASA acronym-land, better known as an LRA.
The device, mounted atop the lander, is from the LRA project based at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.
NASA LRA mounted on Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander.
Image credit: ISRO/NASA
Daniel Cremons and Xiaoli Sun are leading the LRA project for the Chandrayaan-3 lander. They are also supplying LRA hardware for NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services missions and the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) mission to be staged by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Cremons told Inside Outer Space.
At NASA Goddard there is a small team dedicated to designing, building, and flight-qualifying miniature LRAs.
Cremons also helped integrate the LRA on the SpaceIL Beresheet lander in November 2018. Beresheet was Israel’s first lunar mission and the first attempt by a private company to land on the Moon. That craft, however, was lost during an April 2019 landing attempt.
Small and compact, the laser retroreflector array.
Image credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Tiny retroreflectors
The Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) is too small to be used from Earth. They are designed to use reflected laser light from a laser altimeter or lidar on a spacecraft orbiting the Moon or landing on the Moon.
An LRA consists of eight tiny retroreflectors mounted on a small, high hemispherical platform. Total mass of the LRA is 20 grams, and requires no power.
According to LRA documentation, “retroflectors, unlike simple plane mirrors, reflect radiation from a broad range of incident angles back to its source, with minimal scattering, and brighter reflection.”
Intuitive Machines’ Nova-C lander undergoes testing. It is a NASA Commercial Lunar Payload Services mission.
Image credit: Intuitive Machines
Lander location
Another LRA is being carried by the Intuitive Machines’ Nova-C lander, scheduled to drop in on the crater rim of Malapert A near the south pole of the Moon. The Nova-C lander is expected to launch on a Falcon-9 rocket on its IM-1 mission later this year.
Mounted to the lander, the LRA reflects laser light directly backward to the orbiting spacecraft that emitted the laser light to precisely determine the lander’s location on the surface of the Moon.
As noted by Intuitive Machines, LRAs continue to be used as precision landmarks for guidance and navigation during the lunar day or night. “A few LRAs surrounding a landing site can serve as precision landmarks to guide the arriving landers by aiding in autonomous and safe landing,” the company explains.
On the prowl at Jezero Crater, NASA’s Mars Perseverance rover is loaded with scientific equipment.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
“The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes.” – Marcel Proust – a French novelist, literary critic, and essayist who wrote the novel In Search of Lost Time.
A new line of evidence points to the presence of a more intricate organic geochemical cycle on Mars than previously understood. It suggests the existence of several distinct reservoirs of potential organic compounds – and potential for the Red Planet to support life.
The new research makes use of data gathered by a first-of-its-kind instrument: The Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals.
Perseverance places SHERLOC about two inches above its target to gather data. It operates day or night on Mars.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
That’s a Mars instrument mouthful, mercifully called SHERLOC. This device is onboard NASA’s Mars Perseverance rover now dutifully wheeling about Jezero Crater.
The why go there premise was clear.
That landing locale offers a high potential for past habitability: As an ancient lake basin, it contains an array of minerals, including carbonates, clays, and sulfates. These minerals have the potential to preserve organic materials and possible signs of ancient life.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Bingo!
“The potential detection of several organic carbon species on Mars has implications for understanding the carbon cycle on Mars, and the potential of the planet to host life throughout its history,” said astrobiologist Amy Williams, an assistant professor in the University of Florida’s Department of Geological Sciences in Gainesville.
“We didn’t initially expect to detect these potential organics signatures in the Jezero crater floor,” Williams said, “but their diversity and distribution in different units of the crater floor now suggest potentially different fates of carbon across these environments.”
Williams is a co-author of the just-published paper – “Diverse organic-mineral associations in Jezero Crater, Mars” — in the journal Nature.
Lead author of the new research is Sunanda Sharma, an interdisciplinary scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech focused on astrobiology research and currently supporting the SHERLOC instrument on the Mars Perseverance rover.
Jezero Crater – home base for Perseverance rover.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/JHU-APL
Building blocks for life
The paper focuses on samples analyzed in two formations within Jezero crater that yielded detections by both fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy “consistent with organic material that is collocated with specific mineral assemblages.”
The confirmation of organic origin and specific identification of these molecules, the paper adds, “will require samples to be returned to Earth for laboratory analysis.”
In summary, key building blocks for life may have been present over an extended period of time on Mars, along with other as yet undetected chemical species that could be preserved within the two potentially habitable paleo-depositional settings in Jezero crater.
a: High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) image of the region studied with the rover’s traverse marked in white, the boundary between the Séítah and Máaz formations delineated by the light blue line, and each rock target labelled. b: Average number of fluorescence detections (out of 1,296 points) from survey scans for each target interrogated by SHERLOC, arranged in order of observation. c: WATSON images of natural (red box) and abraded targets (Máaz is the blue box, Séítah is the green box) analysed in this study, with SHERLOC survey scan footprints outlined in white.
Image credit: Sharma, S., Roppel, R.D., Murphy, A.E. et al.
Significant step forward
The research paper concludes: “Our findings suggest there may be a diversity of aromatic molecules prevalent on the Martian surface, and these materials persist despite exposure to surface conditions. These potential organic molecules are largely found within minerals linked to aqueous processes, indicating that these processes may have had a key role in organic synthesis, transport or preservation.”
Those findings mark a significant step forward in exploring and understanding the intricacies of Mars, laying the groundwork for more research into the possibility of life beyond Earth.
“We are just now scratching the surface of the organic carbon story on Mars,” Williams said in a university statement, “and it is an exciting time for planetary science!”
To read the entire paper — “Diverse organic-mineral associations in Jezero Crater, Mars” – go to: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06143-z
Image credit: Dongfang Hour/Inside Outer Space screengrab
China’s Landspace booster is one signal of the rise of Chinese liquid-fueled commercial rockets.
From the Dongfang Hour: “Landspace achieved a groundbreaking success on July 12, 2023 with the first orbital launch of a methalox rocket worldwide: the Zhuque-2.”
Image credit: Dongfang Hour
“This new rocket also triples the payload capacity of the largest Chinese commercial rocket to date, and showcases the growing importance that commercial companies are playing in Chinese launch.”
For informative video, go to: https://youtu.be/lOAjpmdaiYw
Image credit: Astrostrom
Switzerland startup, the Astrostrom company, has designed a Greater Earth Lunar Power Station, or GE⊕-LPS for short.
The Greater Earth Lunar Power Station (GE⊕-LPS) is a habitable space station in lunar orbit that is designed to provide solar energy for lunar operations.
According to the European Space Agency (ESA), the study envisages a solar power satellite constructed mainly from lunar resources (including Moon-manufactured solar cells) that could deliver megawatts of microwave power down to receivers on the lunar surface, serving the needs of surface activities, including future crewed bases.
The study found that solar power satellite-enabled development via the Moon would not only be cheaper than any comparable Earth-developed solar power satellite, but that the electricity generated for Earth would also be cost-competitive with any terrestrial power alternative.
Image credit: Astrostrom
Component manufacturing
(GE⊕-LPS) is a part of ESA’s Open Space Innovation Platform Campaign on “Clean Energy – New Ideas for Solar Power from Space.”
ESA’s SOLARIS R&D initiative is focused on the feasibility of Space-based Solar Power for serving terrestrial clean energy needs.
Image credit: ESA
“Launching large numbers of gigawatt-scale solar power satellites into orbit from the surface of the Earth would run into the problem of a lack of launch capacity as well as potentially significant atmospheric pollution,” explains Sanjay Vijendran, the lead for ESA’s Solaris initiative on Space-based Solar Power.
“But once a concept like GE⊕-LPS has proven the component manufacturing processes and assembly concept of a solar power satellite in lunar orbit,” Vijendran adds “it can then be scaled up to produce further solar power satellites from lunar resources to serve Earth.”
For more information, go to this Executive Summary, Greater Earth Lunar Power Station (GE⊕-LPS) at:
https://nebula.esa.int/sites/default/files/neb_study/2753/C4000136309ESR.pdf
Image credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
China’s LandSpace group launched its liquid oxygen and liquid methane-powered booster from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, Gansu Province, China, on July 12.
Commenting on the launch that placed it successfully into orbit, Dai Zheng, deputy chief designer and deputy commander of the Zhuque-2 carrier rocket mission, told GLOBALink/China Central Television (CCTV):
“Liquid oxygen methane has great advantages in future application scenarios where low-cost commercial carrier rocket can be reused. This is a very useful supplement to China’s space industry, and also fills in a blank in China’s liquid oxygen-methane rocket spectrum.”
Image credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Reusable rocketry
Dai said the rocket engine has been tested seven times for a total of 2,800 seconds, with only minor carbon buildup, making it a viable option for reusable rockets.
“The engine has worked seven times on the test bed in Huzhou for a total of 2,800 seconds with only minor carbon buildup in the end. So, from this point of view, it may take a long working time before the rocket needs to be overhauled, which is very friendly for reusable rockets,” said Dai.
ZhuQue-2 is powered by four 80-tons thrust TQ-12 liquid oxygen and liquid methane (LOX+LCH4) rocket engines.
Image credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
Growing pains
The booster has gone through growing pains.
In October 2018, ZhuQue-1 was launched, but the rocket’s payload failed to reach orbit due to an issue with the third stage. LandSpace also developed the ZhuQue-2, based on its methalox TQ-11 and TQ-12 engines, whose maiden launch failed to orbit in December 2022.
Zhuque-2 became the first methalox rocket in the world to reach orbit after its second flight on July 12, 2023.
For a view of the launch, go to:
Image credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
The China Manned Space Agency released Wednesday a preliminary plan for landing a Chinese crew on the Moon before 2030.
The China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) noted use of two carrier rockets to transfer a Moon lander and a crewed spacecraft into lunar orbit. The two would then rendezvous and dock with each other. Crew transfer into the Moon lander would be done in lunar orbit.
After crew touchdown on the Moon and lunar tasks are finished, the explorers would then rocket back into lunar orbit to dock with their orbiting spacecraft for return to Earth.
International Lunar Research Station. Image credit: CNSA
In development
According to China Central Television (CCTV), Chinese researchers are working on the development of the Long March-10 carrier rocket, a new generation of piloted spacecraft, a lunar lander, a lunar landing spacesuit, a wheeled lunar rover for Moon explorers, and other equipment, said Zhang Hailian, deputy chief designer with the CMSA at a space industry forum in Wuhan, capital of central China’s Hubei Province.
Image credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
The lunar rover would weigh 440 pounds (200 kilograms) and can accommodate two taikonauts.
Image credit: China Manned Space Engineering Office
As noted by CCTV, the spacesuit being developed for China’s human Moon effort will have a single working time of no less than eight hours. It will also feature enhanced mobility to help taikonauts walk, climb, squat, drive, and operate machinery on the Moon.
CCTV added that Zhang said China would also explore the construction of a lunar scientific research station, to further systematic and long-term exploration of the Moon.
Image credit: China Manned Space Engineering Office
Trial run
China has completed the sixth trial run for the main rocket engine of its future crewed lunar missions, according to the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation in June.
Image credit: CCTV/Inside Outer Space screengrab
The 130-ton class liquid oxygen kerosene rocket engine brought its cumulative test run time to 3,300 seconds after this recent trial, setting a new record for the longest trial of a single 100-tonne class engine in China, said the corporation.
According to CCTV, as the main engine for the country’s future crewed lunar missions, it needs higher comprehensive performance and reliability.
The trial broke the previous record for the longest test run which was achieved less than six months before this latest trial. Meanwhile, the trial working time of the engine exceeded its required mission working time by more than 10 times, which verified its reliability, the corporation said.
