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March 8th, 2017
A House Space Subcommittee held a hearing today on regulating space, airing issues that touch on innovation, liberty, and international obligations.
America’s future in outer space — from asteroid mining, to private moon missions, to satellite servicing — there is great promise that American commercial space companies could enjoy profits and discover scientific benefits to being in outer space.
This hearing explores an opportunity for Congress to streamline processes and enhance the strength of private sector space activities. For instance, stakeholders continue to raise concerns that they need certainty to attract investments and that they face pressing short-term launch dates and regulatory risks.
Written testimony:
Laura Montgomery, attorney and sole proprietor, Ground Based Space Matters, LLC
Dr. Eli Dourado, senior research fellow and director, Technology Policy Program, Mercatus Center, George Mason University
Mr. Douglas L. Loverro, former deputy assistant secretary of defense for space policy, U.S. Department of Defense
Mr. Dennis J. Burnett, adjunct professor of law, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, College of Law
Dr. Henry B. Hogue, specialist in American national government, Congressional Research Service
Letters for the record:
The Heritage Foundation
The Competitive Enterprise Institute
TechFreedom
The Niskanen Center
Go to hearing video at:
Posted in 
Curiosity Navcam Right B image taken on Sol 1628, March 6, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA’s Curiosity rover on Mars is busy at work performing Sol 1631 duties.
Ryan Anderson, a planetary scientist at the USGS Astrogeology Science Center in Flagstaff, Arizona, reports that exciting news from a weekend plan is that the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) dust cover closed as planned, “so we’re back in business with MAHLI.”
Curiosity Front Hazcam Right B image taken on Sol 1630, March 7, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Vein observations
The Sol 1630 plan was slated to start with Chemistry & Camera (ChemCam) observations of a vein called “Temple Stream”, a soil target called “Mattawamkeag”, and the bedrock target “Vassalboro” to coordinate with an Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) observation of “Sangerville.”
Curiosity Mastcam Left image taken on Sol 1628, March 6, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
MAHLI was slated to also observe Sangerville, and Mastcam will document each of these targets. After that, the plan is to drive roughly 130 feet (40 meters) and collect post-drive imaging.
Untargeted science
“Since we’re driving on Sol 1630, Sol 1631 will be dedicated to untargeted science,” Anderson explains.
Curiosity Navcam Left B image taken on Sol 1630, March 8, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Curiosity’s ChemCam has an Autonomous Exploration for Gathering Increased Science (AEGIS) observation, as well as some calibration observations. AEGIS software analyzes images from a wide-angle camera as the basis for autonomously selecting rocks to photograph with a narrower-angle camera.
Curiosity Navcam Left B image taken on Sol 1628 March 6, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
This activity will be followed by Navcam and Mastcam atmospheric observations, including several observations to watch for dust devils, Anderson concludes.
Curiosity Navcam Left B Image taken on Sol 1628, March 6, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Now in Sol 1629, NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover continues its Bagnold Dunes Campaign.
Curiosity Navcam Right B image taken on Sol 1628, March 6, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
This week promises more stunning views of surrounding scenery, assessing dune ripples and changes in sand movement, as well as batches of bedrock imagery.
Curiosity Navcam Left B Image taken on Sol 1628, March 6, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Rover imagery just in shows new views from the robot…including a little “rock climbing.”
Curiosity Front Hazcam Left B image taken on Sol 1628, March 6, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity acquired this image using its Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI), located on the turret at the end of the rover’s robotic arm, on March 6, 2017, Sol 1628.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
China presses forward on its space station work.
Credit: CMSE
China is pushing forward on its plans to establish a space station in the 2020s.
A first step is flying its cargo resupply spacecraft, the Tianzhou-1, set for liftoff next month.
Meanwhile, China is readying a space station core module for flight in 2018, one of many segments that will comprise the orbiting complex due for completion around 2022.
Assembly of that central module — named “Tianhe-1” — has already been completed and tests are currently under way, reports Bao Weimin of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp. (CASC).
Outpost longevity
The Chinese space station will initially be much smaller than the current International Space Station (ISS), but could be expanded for future scientific research and international cooperation, according to the country’s space officials.
Wenchang Space Launch Center in south China’s Hainan Province.
Credit: CCTV
Given present plans to retire the ISS in 2024, China’s space station will be the only country with a permanent space station.
According to Bao, as reported by the state-run Xinhua news agency, the Chinese outpost will function in orbit for “dozens of years,” adding that all key parts of the facility are designed to be serviceable and replaceable.
China’s cargo ship will dock with the now-orbiting Tiangong-2 space lab and refuel that facility.
Credit: CMSE
In-orbit re-fueling
In mid- or late April, the Tianzhou-1 supply ship will depart from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in south China’s Hainan Province – launched atop a Long March-7 Y2 carrier rocket. If successfully placed into orbit, it will dock with the now-orbiting Tiangong-2 space lab three times and carry out experiments and tests.
Xinhua reports that, during the journey, Tianzhou-1 will orbit on its own for about three months and together with Tiangong-2 for about two months after their rendezvous.
Tianzhou-1’s flight will check and verify such technologies as supply of goods, in-orbit re-fueling and fast automated rendezvous and docking.
With tasks completed, the autopiloted Tianzhou-1 will fall back to Earth while Tiangong-2 is to remain in orbit and continue conducting experiments.
China’s Chang’e 3 Moon lander and Yutu rover. Next step is returning lunar samples back to Earth via the Chang’e-5.
Credit: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Moon lander
Also on China’s active space agenda for this year is a Long March-5 boost in November from Wenchang of the Chang’e-5 robotic Moon lander, a mission focused on landing, gathering select lunar materials for return to Earth.
According to Chinese news services, the over 8-ton Chang’e-5 is comprised of four parts: the “orbiter” “lander” “ascender” and a “returner” – an Earth reentry module.
If successful, the Chang’e-5 mission would be the first lunar sample return to Earth in over 40 years.
The former Soviet Union successfully executed three robotic sample return missions: Luna 16 returned a small sample (101 grams) from Mare Fecunditatis in September of 1970; February 1972, Luna 20 returned 55 grams of soil from the Apollonius highlands region; Luna 24 retrieved 170.1 grams of lunar samples from the Moon’s Mare Crisium (Sea of Crisis) for return to Earth in August 1976.
To view a video on readying the Chang’e-5 for its Mon mission, go to:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oishjEeEcZE
Watch a video on Tianzhou-1 preparation at:
http://cd-pv.news.cctvplus.com/2017/0304/8044541_Preview_8570.mp4
Curiosity Navcam Left B image taken on Sol 1625, March 2, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover is now performing Sol 1627 science duties.
There is good news, explains Lauren Edgar, a research geologist at the USGS Astrogeology Science Center in Flagstaff, Arizona.
The Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) cover was successfully opened and the instrument is marked healthy again.
Curiosity Mastcam Right image of Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) dust cover taken on Sol 1625, March 2, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
“That means it’s time to close the cover, and if that’s successful, drive away toward the next stop in the Bagnold Dunes Campaign,” Edgar adds.
Curiosity Mastcam Right image of Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) dust cover taken on Sol 1625, March 2, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Ripple and bedrock observations
Curiosity is to acquire Chemistry & Camera (ChemCam) observations on “Swanback” and “Rangely” to assess the composition of a ripple crest and a bright patch of bedrock.
“We’ll also use Mastcam to image the rover deck to monitor the movement of fines. In the afternoon, we’ll close the MAHLI cover and run a few more diagnostics,” Edgar reports.
Curiosity Mastcam Left image taken on Sol 1625, March 2, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Monitor atmospheric dust
Also on tap for the rover on the weekend is an early science block for environmental monitoring, including Navcam and Mastcam observations to look for clouds and monitor the amount of dust in the atmosphere.
Additionally, the robot’s Navcam will search for dust devils.
Plans call for Mastcam to acquire a large mosaic of the stratigraphy exposed beneath a hematite ridge, and ChemCam will target “Thorofare” to assess the composition of veins in the local bedrock.
Curiosity ChemCam Remote Micro-Imager photo acquired on Sol 1626, March 3, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL
Next up: new views!
“We’ll also acquire a long distance ChemCam RMI mosaic to monitor the slope of Mt. Sharp and look for changes,” Edgar says, and the rover’s Mastcam will continue to image and monitor changes in sand movement.
The plan also calls for Curiosity to drive further to the south, and take post-drive imaging to prepare for targeting next week.
Curiosity planners have also scheduled more environmental monitoring activities, follow-up to an autonomously-selected ChemCam target, and carry out ChemCam calibration activities.
“Looking forward to driving again,” Edgar concludes, “and getting a new view!”
Hu Hao, the chief designer of the third phase of China’s lunar exploration program.
Credit: CCTV-Plus
China space officials are underscoring the attributes of its Chang’e-5 lunar lander and return sample project.
Chang’e-5 is slated to become the country’s first lunar probe to automatically collect samples, launch on the Moon, and engage in an auto-pilot docking in lunar orbit, according to Hu Hao, the chief designer of the third phase of China’s lunar exploration program.
“The preparation of Chang’e 5 lunar probe is advancing steadily according to schedule,” Hu explains.
Challenges and breakthroughs
As reported by CCTV-Plus, the Chinese craft is scheduled for shipping to the Wenchang launch complex in August, then prepped for launch atop a Long March 5 carrier rocket around November.
Credit: CCTV-Plus
Hu notes that there are several challenges and breakthroughs the Chang’e-5 is going to make.
As for the primary task of collecting samples on the Moon, Hu said “one is using a drill. After the probe lands on the Moon, the drill will be used to collect samples beneath the surface. The other is to use a mechanical arm to collect samples on the surface, which contains unique information of the Moon.”
Return leg
Then there’s the return leg from the Moon back to Earth.
“We also have to design a docking in lunar orbit,” Hu added. “After the docking, the samples will be transferred, from the ascending part to the reentry capsule. This is also a complicated process.”
China’s Moon program intends to support a lunar sample return in 2017.
Credit: Chinese Academy of Sciences
En route from lunar orbit, the reentry capsule is to fly back to Earth at roughly 11.2 kilometers per second.
Important link
Chang’e-5 is an important link in the whole lunar exploration project, Hu notes, a three-step initiative of flying around the Moon, landing on the Moon and returning to Earth.
Chang’e-1 and Chang’e-3 completed the first two steps, with Chang’e-5 set to complete the last step of returning to Earth.
China is readying a Long March-5 rocket for liftoff in the first half of this year. Following that launch, the timing of Chang’e-5’s flight will be determined.
Following a circumlunar voyage in 2014, a return capsule parachuted to Earth. This test was a prelude to China’s Chang’e-5 lunar mission being readied for its return sample mission later this year.
Courtesy: China Space
Technology roadmap
“To be realistic, [the lunar probe] will provide our scientists with qualified lunar samples for research, which will enable us to have a deeper understanding of the Moon,” Hu points out. “Technologically, a technology roadmap is necessary because it will be a good technological basis for our following deep space explorations and manned space travels to the Moon and other planets.”
Also on China’s Moon exploration agenda, Chang’e-4 — a backup probe for the Chang’e-3 — is slated to be launched in 2018. That probe is targeted to achieve the first ever soft-landing on the far side of the Moon.
For a view of Chang’e-5 preparations, go to these CCTV-Plus videos:
http://cd-pv.news.cctvplus.com/2017/0301/8044288_Preview_6255.mp4
http://pv.news.cctvplus.com/2017/0303/8044438_Preview_3189.mp4
http://pv.news.cctvplus.com/2017/0303/8044462_Preview_8867.mp4
Rocketeer Jeff Bezos.
Credit: Blue Origin
Amazon.com billionaire, Jeff Bezos, is detailing his plans to transform low Earth orbit and create an Amazon-like delivery system to support future human settlement of the Moon.
Blue Origin’s New Shepard Team is the winner of Aviation Week’s 60th Annual Space Laureate.
Liftoff of suborbital space tourism, backed by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos.
Credit: Blue Origin
New Shepard is only the first step in fulfilling Blue Origin owner Jeff Bezos’ vision of using ever larger reusable rockets to send an entire economy into Earth orbit and beyond.
The Bezos space business plans follow the recent Elon Musk SpaceX statements regarding their intention to lob two paying customers around the Moon in late 2018 via the company’s Dragon 2 space capsule.
Following the Laureate Award presentations held at Washington’s National Building Museum on March 2, Bezos talked to Aviation Week & Space Technology Editor-in-Chief Joe Anselmo and the audience at the awards dinner about the importance of expanding into the solar system.
Bezos is also slated to speak during SATELLITE 2017, being held March 6-9 in Washington, D.C.
Check out this video of Bezos at the March 2 awards dinner at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjz2vP3zPhE
Meanwhile, here is an exclusive look at the Bezos plan to set up Amazon-like delivery for ‘future human settlement’ of the Moon, reported by the Washington Post:
Curiosity Navcam Right B image taken on Sol 1624, March 1, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover is now completing tasks during Sol 1625 operations.
Lauren Edgar, a research geologist at the USGS Astrogeology Science Center in Flagstaff, Arizona reports: “We’re still at the second stop of the Bagnold Dune campaign,” with the robot running a few more Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) diagnostics and focusing on targeted remote sensing.
Mt. Sharp observation
Curiosity has on the task list Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) observation of a ripple crest and a long distance Remote Micro-Imager (RMI) look for changes on the slope of Mt. Sharp.
“We’ll also use Navcam to search for dust devils, and Mastcam will survey the color and opacity of the atmosphere,” Edgar reports.
Curiosity Front Hazcam Left B image taken on Sol 1624, March 1, 2017.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Also on tap are ChemCam observations of “Allagash” and “Hersey” to investigate some bedrock with interesting color variations.
Mastcam and Navcam will also be used to monitor the atmosphere and search for dust devils.
Ripple activity
On the schedule is use of the robot’s Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS), continuing to collect data for thermal characterization.
Curiosity Mastcam Right image taken on Sol 1623, February 28, 2017. Robot’s self-inspection of its Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) system.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Throughout the plan, Curiosity will repeat several Mastcam and Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) images to monitor changes in sand movement.
“These change detection observations have produced a great dataset that shows some awesome ripple activity,” Edgar concludes.
The Michigan Bicentennial Archive (M-BARC) team. Their CubeSat work is dedicated to designing, creating, and launching the first ever space time capsule.
Credit: M-BARC
A multi-disciplinary team at the University of Michigan (U-M) is scoping out a space time capsule.
Called the Michigan Bicentennial Archive (M-BARC) team, their CubeSat work is dedicated to designing, creating, and launching the first ever space time capsule.
It would be an artifact that commemorates the bicentennial of the University of Michigan. The CubeSat must survive the rigors of launch and space for 100 years.
Credit: M-BARC
Also, this small satellite would have its own propulsion system. The team is currently comparing electric and chemical thruster systems for use in the CubeSat.
Storing interviews
The student team is gathering content that will be sent up inside the spacecraft. A considerable amount of the project involves collecting representative media from throughout the University, providing the future recipients of the time capsule with an accurate representation of the University and state of Michigan in 2017.
The CubeSat would contain interviews from 1,000 members of the U-M community and an experiment to test DNA as a medium for storing data in space.
CubeSat design effort is geared to creating a time capsule for space.
Credit: U-M/M-BARC
Storing 1,000 interviews – and protecting this material from radiation – is not an easy task.
The team is working with the Lurie Nanofabrication Facility at the university to nanoprint 8 to 30 GB of data on a 1-inch silicon chip. At least ten chips will be placed at different orientations in the satellite to provide backups in case of cubesat collisions.
DNA experiment
According to a U-M story on the M-BARC effort, radiation also plays an important role in the team’s DNA radiation experiment which tests the genetic code’s ability to store information in space.
One microgram of DNA can hold 900 terabytes of data, equal to roughly 11,000 iPhones.
The team explains that sending physical packages of information out into the cosmos – like that onboard the Voyager spacecraft — it would be worth finding out if the DNA storage technique works. If so more information can be lobbed into space by this method, contrasted to the Voyager record, or even on solid state drives.
Record-toting Voyager spacecraft.
Credit: NASA/JPL
Multidisciplinary
As detailed on the M-BARC website, the multidisciplinary venture involves five distinct sub-teams:
- Bus team is designing the space vehicle itself, as well as the nanoprinting technology that will house our time capsule data.
- Orbit, Launch, and Propulsion team is investigating propulsion methods and determining where the time capsule will be located in space for 100 years.
- Tracking team is devising a way to locate the time capsule from Earth as it orbits for the next century.
- Public Relations team is crafting the content that will exist in the time capsule, managing donations and fundraising, and making sure this project gains momentum at the University of Michigan and beyond.
Location via laser
The team expects construction of at least the payload portion of the CubeSat to begin in the middle of the Winter 2017 semester. The payload includes the DNA experiment and data chips containing interviews.
In due course, say the next century, U-M hopes to retrieve the time-capsule by using a laser to locate the satellite via onboard reflectors.
Visit the M-BARC website at:
Go to this informative video of the project at:
This artist’s rendering depicts NASA’s Mars 2020 rover, with its robotic arm extended.
Credit: NASA/JPL-CALTECH
Deciding on where best to plunk down NASA’s Mars 2020 on the Red Planet rover is not an easy choice, and is spot-on with controversy.
On one hand, the scientific bonus of having a souped-up mega rover meet Martian real estate is one thing. But it turns out that the Mars 2020 stands as a watershed moment, perhaps a bridge to nowhere in Mars exploration planning for NASA.
Where will NASA’s next Mars rover explore? Artwork depicts meeting of Mars machinery: The Mars 2020 rover wheels up to the dead, stuck-in-sand Spirit rover in the Columbia Hills.
Credit: James Rice/Joel Hagen/NASA
Multi-Mars probes
Meanwhile, putting aside the tossing of America’s next rover onto the Red Planet, there are other similar efforts in that same time period heading for a Mars landing in 2021, expressly the European Space Agency’s ExoMars 2020 rover, a Chinese Mars lander, as well as Elon Musk’s entrepreneurial enterprise that now intends to lob its first uncrewed Dragon capsule to the Martian surface that same year.
For more details on the NASA Mars 2020 rover mission, discussion and debate, please go to my new Space.com story:
Should NASA’s Next Mars Rover Tread New Ground?
March 1, 2017 07:00am ET
http://www.space.com/35866-nasa-mars-2020-rover-landing-site.html
